英语重句

定语从句 定语从句是用来修饰、描述或提供有关名词、代词或整个主句信息的从句。它在整个句子中起形容词的作用。被修饰的名词，语法上称作先行词。从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系代词和关系副词不仅起引导定语从句、连接先行词的作用，同时还充当定语从句中的一个成分，如：主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语、定语或状语等。定语从句由下列关系代词和关系副词引导： (1) who, whom, that (2) which, that (3) whose (4) when (5) Where (6) why 1. 修饰、指代人物 关系代词who， that 引导的从句修饰、指代人物，在从句中作主语。 (1) 关系代词作主语 (1) I thank the woman. She helped me. a. I thank the woman who helped me. b. I thank the woman that helped me. (2) 关系代词作宾语 关系代词whom, who, that 在从句中作动词宾语时，修饰、指代人物。Whom 是宾格形式， 常用于较正式的英语中。who和that 常用于口语和非正式的英语中。在口语和非正式英语中更多的情况下，作动词宾语的关系代词常被省略。 （2）The man told me to come back. I saw him in the office. a. The man whom I saw in the office told me to come back. b. The man who I saw in the office told me to come back. c. The man that I saw in the office told me to come back. d. The man I saw in the office told me to come back. 我在办公室见到的那为男士叫我回去。 注意：1. 引导从句的关系代词一定要放在从句的最前面，例如： 从句whom I saw in the office，虽 然关系代词whom 在句子中作动词的宾语，也应放在从句的最前面。 2. 从句应尽可能地紧跟在所修饰的名词后面。从句whom I saw in the office是用来修饰the man, 所以应放在the man 后面。 (3) 关系代词作介词宾语 当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，正式英语中，往往将介词提到关系代词前面。 （3） The woman spoke French. I traveled with her. a. The woman with whom I travelled spoke French. 和我一起旅行的那位女士讲法语。 注意：在这类句子中修饰、指代人物时，只能用whom 。关系代词不可以用who 或that。 也不可以省略 关系代词。 在口语和非正式英语中，介词往往放在原来的位置，即：在谓语动词之后。在这种情况下，关系代 词可以是who/ whom/that， 也可以省略。 b. The woman whom I travelled with spoke English. c. The woman who I travelled with spoke English. d. The woman that I travelled with spoke English. e. The woman I travelled with spoke English. 2. 修饰、指代事物 关系代词that, which引导的从句用来修饰、指代事物，它们在从句中可以作句子的主语也可以作宾 语。 (1) 关系代词作主语 例句: Did you hear about the earthquake? It happened in San Francisco last week. a. Did you hear about the earthquake that happened in San Francisco last week? b. Did you hear about the earthquake which happened in San Francisco last week? 你听说上星期在旧金山发生的地震了吗？ 关系代词that / which引导的定语从句修饰名词earthquake。在从句that / which happened in San Francisco last week 中作句子的主语。“” 注意：当关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略。a. b. 两例句意思一样. Which 要比that正式一些。 (2) 关系代词作宾语 例句: The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it last night. a. The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good. b. The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good. c. The movie we saw last night wasn’t very good. 我们昨晚看的那部电影不怎么样。 关系代词that / which 引导的从句修饰名词The movie。在从句that we saw last night中，that/ which 作动词saw的宾语。关系代词作动词宾语的时候可以省略。 (3) 关系代词作介词宾语 在从句中，如果关系代词是作介词的宾语，正式英语中需要前置，即，将介词置于关系代词之前。 例句: He is standing on a chair. Is it firm enough? a. Is the chair on which he is standing firm enough? 他站的那把椅子结实吗？ on which he is standing 是which引导的从句，修饰the chair。Which在从句中作介词on的宾语。在英语口语和非正式的英语中，介词可以放在动词的后面。关系代词可以用which, that, 也可以省略。 b. Is the chair which he is standing on firm enough? c. Is the chair that he is standing on firm enough? d. Is the chair he is standing on firm enough? 在例句b. c. d. ，从句that he is standing on中的介词后置，关系代词作介词on的宾语，可以用that/which, 也可以省略。 (4) 应该使用that的情况 有些情况下，that不能与which交换使用。 a. 当从句修饰不定代词，如all, everything, something, little, much, none，the only, those 等时，必须用that 来引导从句。在从句中that作动词的直接宾语时，可以省略。 例: Listen, there is something (that) I must tell you. 听着，有些事情我必须告诉你。 b. 如果先行词被上述不定代词所修饰时，引导从句的关系代词也应用that. 例: All the apples (that) we picked were sent to the factory. 所有的我们摘的苹果都送到工厂去了。 c. 如果先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰，从句应用that 引导。 例: This is the best novel (that) I know. 这是我所知道的最好的一部小说。 d. 如果先行词被序数词所修饰，从句应用that 引导。 例: The first English film that interested me was Gone with the Wind. 第一部使我感兴趣的英文电影是“飘”。 3. 表示所有格关系 whose 用来表示所属关系，它的意思相当于：his, her, its, their等等。Whose 可以用来修饰人，也可以修饰物。whose和它所修饰的名词都置于句首。 (1) 修饰人物 （1） The man called the police. His wallet was stolen. a． The man whose wallet was stolen called the police. 钱包被窃的那个男人给警察打了电话。 Whose引导的从句whose wallet was stolen，修饰the man. Whose 在从句中起定语作用，修饰wallet， 意思是his。 (2) 修饰事物 (2) I’m working in the house. Its walls are made of glass. ( The walls of the house are made of glass.) a. I’m working in the house whose walls are made of glass. 我在那座四面墙都是玻璃的房子里工作。 whose walls = the walls of the house whose = of which 4. 修饰表示时间的名词 When 引导的从句往往是用来修饰一个表示时间的名词，如：time, year, month, day, century 等等。When 在从句中起时间状语的作用。 （1）I’ll never forget the day. I met you then (on that day). a. I’ll never forget the day when I met you. b. I’ll never forget the day on which I met you. 我永远也忘不了见到你的那一天。 例句a. 中when引导的从句修饰the day. When在从句中起时间状语的作用，意思是on the day. 因此，when可以用on which替代。 （2）1949 is the year. The new China was founded then (in that year). a. 1949 is the year when the new China was founded. b. 1949 is the year in which the new China was founded. When引导的从句修饰表示时间的名词the year. 1949年是新中国成立的那一年。When在从句中作时间状语，意思是in that year. 在此句中，when 可以用in which 来替换。看例句b. 在句中，which 指代的是the year. (3) 7:50 is the time. My plane arrives then (at that time). a. 7:50 is the time when my plane arrives. b. 7:50 is the time at which my plane arrives. 7:50 是我乘坐的飞机到达的时间。 When引导的从句修饰名词the time, when在从句中作时间状语。意思是at that time.在这句话中， when可以用at which替代。 5. 修饰表示地点的名词 Where引导的从句用来修饰表示地点的名词，例如：city, country, room, house等等。Where 在从句中起地点状语的作用。 (1) The building is very old. He lives there (in that building). a. The building where he lives is very old. b. The building in which he lives is very old. c. The building which he lives in is very old. d. The building that he lives in is very old. e. The building he lives in is very old. 他住的那座楼很旧。 a. Where引导的从句修饰名词building. Where在从句中作地点状语，意思是in that building. b. 介词前置。 c. d. e. 介词在原来的位置上。 如果用where引导从句修饰名词，从句中就不必使用介词。否则就必须 使用介词。 （2）That is the park. We are going to have a picnic there (at that park). a. That is the park where we are going to have a picnic. b. That is the park at which we are going to have a picnic. c. That is the park which we are going to have a picnic at. d. That is the park that we are going to have a picnic at. e. That is the park we are going to have a picnic at. 那就是我们将去吃野餐的公园。（我们将在那个公园吃野餐）。 Where 的意思是at the park, 可以用at which替换。 6. 非限定性从句 限定性定语从句起限制、确定先行词的作用，用来说明先行词的特征与属性。如果省略，就会影响句子的意思。 非限定性定语从句则是起补充信息的作用，如果省略，并不会影响句子的意思。非限定性定语从句与主句用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句常用于书面语。 (1) A. My friend who had been driving all day suggested stopping at the next town. 我那位开了一整天车的朋友建议到下一个镇子停下。 这是一句限定性定语从句。这句话的含义是说还有其他不开车的朋友 B. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼特开了一整天车，他建议到下一个镇子停下。 这是一句非限定性定语从句的句子，它只起补充信息的作用。如果，将从句who had been driving all day略掉，也不会影响句子的原意。 （2）The books , which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 这些书将为你提供所需要的所有信息，你可以在任何一家书店买到。 （3）Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. 安的孩子们整天都在学校，（所以）她试图找一份工作做。 注意: 在非限定性定语从句中，只有wh-的代词可以使用。无论指人或指物都不能使用that。

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致。1,who, whom, that这些词代替指人，“whom”作宾语指人，"who"和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）（2）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。2,Which 用来指人或物(用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略），例如：（1）Prosperitywhich / that had neppearsin te. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）（2）The package (which / that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。（which / that在从句中作宾语）whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）例：A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。（“whose”表示那个孩子的双亲）He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。（“whose”表示那个房子的窗户）关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从省略。[eg：This is the book （which）you want.]2. 不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“wh”放在它原来的位置。3. 代表物时多这时的that常被省略；c）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；e）整个句中前面已有“which”，“wh”行关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）when=during/ on/ in/…… which（介词同先行词搭配）1. “where”是关系代词，当然也不用“that”引导。By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。I still remember where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 他每次出差都带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用“there is”开头。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。编辑本段关系副词的用法及说明关系副词why关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.关系副词when关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。关系副词where关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。

第一句中，that是宾语从句的引导词that引导的是宾语从句，that也可以换成which第二句中，which引导了一个非限制性定语从句因为有逗号，所以只能用which，而不能用that 那就继续说：that可以引导主句从句，宾语从句，表语从句还有，that指代的就是functions而which是引导前面一整句话，这样说该懂了吧