英语演讲稿如何写

这是教学材料，你做个参考 Lexicology Chapter One General remarks about the English vocabulary: 1. Brief survey of the English language development 1.1 Before 450 AD: language of the Celts, supposedly the aborigines of England 1.2 Old English (OE): 450 AD---1100 1.3 Middle English 1.4 Modern English 2. Elements of modern English vocabulary: native and foreign 2.1 The native element 2.2 Foreign elements 2.3 Present day neologism 3. Classification of English vocabulary 3.1 By origin 3.2 By level of usage: common, literary (archaic and poetical), colloquial, slang, technical, jargon 3.3 By notion: functional and content 2. Brief survey of the English language development 2.1 Before 450 AD: language of the Celts, supposedly the aborigines of England 2.2 Old English (OE): 450 AD---1100 2.2.1 Brief description: (1) Used by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes coming from Northern Europe (2) Borrowing many Latin words before their invasion of England, which are still found in English: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall wine, etc. （3）Inflected---relations of words indicated by case endings---positions of subjects and objects freely changeable---four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative)---comparative and superlative of adj ending in –ra and –ost or –est respectively---change of tense indicated by modification of the root vowel (sing, sang, sung) or by the addition of a suffix containing –d or –t. 2.2.2 Brief history （1） some thousand years ago --- Europe and Asia --- a Neolithic people --- Indo-European language --- wandering apart --- developed into different dialects and languages --- some Indo-European language speaking people --- North Europe --- Germanic people --- Germanic language --- some Germanic tribes known as Anglo-Saxons --- 450 AD --- invasion of Britain (2) 597: Entry of Latin words together with the introduction of Christianity, many related to religion: abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, nun, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. (3) The 8th century: the earliest writings in OE --- The manuscripts of Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation by the Venerable Bede, English priest and the 1st English historian --- Hymn on the Creation by Caedmon, Anglo-Saxon poet and monk (4) The 9th centaury: entry of Old Norse words along with the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests: are, they, their, them till call die five take, skin sky, window, ill, weak, etc. 2.3 Middle English 2.3.1 1066: The Norman Conquest (1) London became the center of activities (2) London standard E became the basis of the dialect used in the proximity of London, which later gave birth to the official E of England 2.3.2 The latter half of the 14th century (1) Normans lost territory on the Continent---regarding E as home---giving up French for E---the Anglo-Norman king and court beginning using E---after the end of the 15th century, English was once more the language of whole country---the E spelling became fixed---with literate people trained in French---modeling the orthography on the French habit and rules (2) Words borrowed from French in this period a. mostly about law and government: judge, jury, justice, government, parliament, state, etc; b. about military affairs: conquer, sergeant, victory, etc; about religion: baptism, confess, divine, sermon, etc; c. about clothing: coat, dress, gown, robe, etc; about food: beer, mutton, pork, dinner, etc; d. about art: beauty, image, design etc; e. about literature: chapter, poet, prose, rime, etc; about science: medicine, remedy, surgeon, etc; f. E and F side by side: hearty / cordial, wish / desire, /ask / demand, answer / reply, yearly / annual, ghost / spirit, room / chamber, shun / avoid, body / corps, cock / chicken, sheep / mutton… 2.4 Modern English 2.4.1 Early Modern English: 1500 --- 1700 (1) By the end of the 15th century --- London E had become the standard literary language in most parts of the country ---1746: introduction of printing ---1755: publication of A Dictionary of the English Language, by Dr. Samuel Johnson, famous British critic and dictionary writer (1709---1784) (2) Johnson’s Dictionary: established a fixed spelling of the E words and defined their meaning: [e] ea as in “dead”; [o] oa as in “coat”; the letter “i” used initially and medially as in the these two very adverbs, “y” finally as in “city”. (3) The Renaissance brought Latin words through the study of the classics, mostly connected with science and abstract ideas: chemist, function, scientific, vacuum, area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise, etc. (4) Greek words had come in indirectly (through the medium of Latin and French in the OE and Md E periods), but now came in directory, most being literary, technical and scientific words: drama, comedy, tragedy, lexicon, criterion, botany, physics, etc. 2.4.2 Late Modern English: 1500 --- the present: borrowing words from many languages, such French (attaché, charge d’affaires, café), Spanish ( armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar), Italian ( duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, pizza ) and many mort other languages, even Chinese and Japanese. 3 Elements of modern English vocabulary: native and foreign 3.1 The native element: 3.1.1 Of Anglo-Saxon origin---known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period 3.1.2 Mostly monosyllabic 3.1.3 Forming the basic stock of the E vocabulary: --- auxiliary verbs --- modal verbs --- numerals --- pronoun --- prepositions --- conjunctions 3.1.4 Mostly essential to daily life: sun, moon, rain, night, morning, here, there, horse, dog, tree, flower, head, hand, foot big, small, red. White, live, eat, work, etc 3.1.5 National character: known to all native speakers, naturalized in usage, conforming to native E accent and spelling 3.1.6 Stability (small number dropped off or entering the basic stock, e.g. arrow, bow (dropped off); machine, bus, car, computer (entering) 3.1.7 Strong word forming power, e.g. handful, handy, handily, handbag, handball, handwriting 3.1.8 Strong power in collocation, e.g. at first hand, hand in hand, to: show one’s hand, to play into sb’s hands ( nearly 90 set phrases with ‘hand’ as head word in them, found in one dictionary) 3.1.9 High frequency in daily use: 70 to 90% 3.2 Foreign elements 3.3 Present day neologism 3.3.1 Science and technology since WW --- Connected with nuclear bomb: chain reaction, radio activity, fall-out, overkill, mega death, neutron bomb, medium range ballistic missiles --- Connected with space exploration: astronaut, cosmonaut, blast off, countdown, capsule, launching pad, space suit, spaceman --- Connected with computer: software, hardware, input, output, memory, monitor, process, programming data base 3.3.2 Socio-economic, political and cultural changes --- Connected with new social and living habits: hire purchase, credit card, fringe benefit, high-rise, condo (short for condominium) --- Connected with domestic life: chores, house sitter, kitchenette, spin-drier, spin-dry, pressure cooker, micro-wave oven, ready-mixed cake, instant coffee, supermarket --- Connected with drug use: LSD, upper, downer --- Connected with politics: sit in, swim-in, teach-in, --- Connected with women movement: Ms, chairperson, chairwoman, spokeswoman, saleswoman, feminism, male chauvinism, sexism --- Connected with black people: black studies, black power, black Panther, Black Muslin --- Connected with education: open classroom, open university, alternative school --- Connected with entertainment: call-in, phone-in, discotheque (= disco) guerrilla theartre, street theatre, acid rock, hard , folk rock, simulcast --- Connected with sports: roller-hockey, surf-riding, surf-boarding, sky-diving --- Connected with other aspects: be-in, love-in, gay, camp --- Borrowed: cosmonaut (R), discothèque (F), ombudsman (Swedish), apartheid (South Afr), sputnik (R), maotai (Ch), auto strata (Italian) 4. Classification of English vocabulary 4.1 By origin 4.2 By level of usage: common, literary (archaic and poetical), colloquial, slang, technical, jargon By notion: functional and content 回答者： 天歌Jack