于海丽888
推荐华东理工大学出版的《英语思维：解密英语语法的原理》该书为国内第一本系统讲述英语语法的原理和英语思维的书籍。本书从英语思维的层面上，结合图表，形象、系统地阐释了英语的框架体系，展现给读者全新而又清晰的英语脉络。为了减轻读者的阅读负担，本书并不包含传统语法已讲的内容，重点着墨其未涉及的领域，厘清其未表述清楚的概念。其主要内容是从“动词原形”入手，阐述“时”和“态”的概念，进而阐述英语的“时态”体系，并进一步讲解非谓语动词的框架体系，最后对英语从句、疑问句、否定、介词、数字等难点进行点拨。本书对象为有一定英语语法基础的读者、英语教师、大中学生、英语爱好者；适用于那些长期深陷语法泥潭，无法突破的英语学习者；同时也是其它西语语言教学者的一本很好的思维方面的参考材料。还可以百度“英语语法的原理”视频公开课，定会对你理解英语起到脱胎换骨的认识。《英语思维：解密英语语法的原理》介绍 1. 你知道到底什么是动词原形吗？本书将告诉你英语动词的源头——动词原形的真正本质。 2. 你知道时间的秘密吗？本书将告诉你英语4种时间的秘密，时间的大小、多少、相对、绝对、真实、虚拟……。 对时间的理解贯穿于整个英语的学习，可以说不了解时间也就不会了解英语。 3. 学了这么多年时态，你知道什么是时态吗？本书将系统的告诉你时态的起源，时态从动词原形到非谓语动词到谓语动词一路的变化，进而得出英语的16个核心时态，以及20个常用时态的框架体系。 4. 你知道谓语动词和非谓语动词真正的区别是什么吗？本书将告诉你非谓语动词的本质和起源，以及非谓语动词和谓语动词之间真正的区别。 5. 你知道动词的长度吗？本书将系统的告诉你英语动词的长度概念，对动词长度的理解是理解很多时态的不二利器。 6. 你知道动词框架体系吗？本书将系统的告诉你英语动词的分类以及蕴含的思维，同时宏观的讲解了英语动词的框架体系，让你对英语语法的结构，句子的结构有了清晰的认识。 7. 自小学开始就学习一般现在时态，那么什么是真正的一般现在时态呢？本书将从思维的层面告诉你什么是真正的一般时态，同时简化和纠正了传统语法对一般现在时态含混复杂的定义，最后给出了一般现在时态全面的应用。 8. 你知道进行时态的思维秘密吗？本书将从思维的层面告诉你进行时态的思维原理，让你从此真正的掌握进行时态的各种应用。 9. 你还分不清一般过去时态和现在完成时态吗？本书将从时间的角度告诉你一般时态和进行时态的本质区别，同时系统的讲解完成时态的思维原理，让真正知道完成时态的时间意义，彻底掌握完成时态的标志have的思维秘密。 10. 你还分不清一般将来时态和将来进行时态的吗本书将从思维的层面告诉你其本质的区别，并讲一般将来时态时态和将来进行时态的全面思维应用，并给出所有表达将来的时态间区别。 11. 你知道什么是条件句吗？本书将从思维的层面对条件句重新进行定义，让你真正了解什么是条件句，在了解了条件句的基础上才真正开始了虚拟语气的旅程。 12. 你知道虚拟语气的原理和框架吗？本书将从思维的层面讲解虚拟语气的原理，纠正传统语法理解的错误和缺失，系统补全完整的虚拟语气框架，让你从思维原理的层面真正的掌握和理解英语的虚拟语气。 13. 你知道被动语态的框架吗？本书将告诉你被动语态的形成机制，并系统补全传统语法被动语态的确实，呈现给读者一个完整的被动语态框架体系，并进一步讲解了20个BE型被动和20个GET型被动。 14. 你知道非谓语动词在英语语法中的框架体系吗？本书将告诉读者非谓语动词短语在英语中的真正作用，并呈现给读者一幅完整的英语非谓语动词框架表，简化并纠正传统英语教学对非谓语动词不正确的理解，最后系统全面的讲解3大非谓语动词的句法应用和时态应用，让你轻松透彻的真正掌握非谓语动词。 15. 你知道什么助动词吗？本书将告诉你什么是助动词，什么是主动词，什么是时间助动词，什么是状态主动词，以及彼此的作用，让你真正了解英语的谓语动词和非谓语动词。 16. 你知道英语3大从句的秘密吗？本书将告诉你英语3大从句的秘密，并以图表的形式轻松理解何谓从句、何谓主句；何谓单句、何谓复句；何谓定语从句、何谓状语从句、何谓名词从句，以及3大从句的全面应用及其框架结构体系。 17. 你知道英语疑问句为什么要倒序吗？本书将从思维的层面告诉你英语疑问句倒序的秘密，让你消除心中的不适，坦然接受英语的语序。 18. 你知道介词的秘密吗？本书将从时空的层面告诉你英语介词的秘密，让你真正理解英语的常用介词为什么这样用，而不那样用。 为了保障读者能够轻松顺利的阅读学习本书，本书对英语句法分析知识进行了系统的讲解。
睡不死也睡
大学英语四级翻译常见语法考点
四级翻译部分为汉译英，共5个句子，一句一题，句长为15-30词，句中的一部分已用英文给出，考生需根据全句意思将汉语部分译成英语，考试时间5分钟。下面是我整理的大学英语四级翻译常见语法考点，欢迎大家阅读！
一、题型介绍
大学英语四级考试的最后一个阶段是翻译。翻译部分为 汉译英，共5个句子，一句一题，句长为15—30词。句中的一部分已用英文给出，要求考生根据全句意思将汉语部分译成英语，约3到8个单词。考试时间5分钟。翻译须符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯，要求用词准确。 该部分主要考核学生运用正确的词汇和语法结构并按英 语习惯表达思想的能力。因此，要求学生在平时学习和 四级复习中熟练掌握四级大纲规定的词汇、词组和语法 知识，熟悉各种句子结构，并且能够活学活用。
二、评分原则及标准
1. 整体内容和语言均正确，得1分。
2. 结构正确，但整 体意思不确切、信息不全或用词不当，得0.5分。
3. 整体意思正确但语言有错误，得0.5分。
4. 整体意思完全 错误，即使结构正确也不得分。
5. 大小写错误及标点符 号忽略不计。
常见语法考点真题解析
1、从句的翻译
(1)主语从句 例. ___________(很多人没有意识到的) is providing the best education possible for their children.(2009.6) 答案：What many people don’t realize
What的用法 1. what = just as，意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词，引导比较状语从句。 ⑴ 惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。 E.g. Air is to us what water is to fish. (介词to 表示两者的关系) ⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。E.g. Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。(介词for表示“供…使 用”) ⑶ what 引导的从句也可以放在句首，其句式是：What C to D，that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.) 在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as…， as… so…”结构，意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如： What blood vessel is to a man's body，that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ，so Railway is to transportation.)铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。
2. what 与do with连用，意为“(怎样)处理﹑安排或对付等”。what常有较灵活的翻译，常用结构是：“what …do with sth./sb.?”或“what to do with sth./sb.” 例如：① What will you do with the letter?② The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.
3. What从句可用作宾语补足语或状语。例如：① We will make the factory twice what it is today.(句中的twice what it is today是动词make的宾语the factory的补足语)Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh.地心吸引力使人称得现有的重量(句中的第一个what到句末为表语从句;句末的what you weigh 是 说明前面的动词weigh，系回答how much 的问题， 作状语)
4.与what连用的常用句型和词组⑴ What if…?如果(假如)…将会怎么样?例如： What if it is true?如果这是真的又怎么样? What if a storm should come up?万一发生暴风雨怎么办?(2)come what will(may)是固定搭配必须倒装，意为“不管发生什么事” Come what will (may)，I will always stand by you.
2)宾语从句 Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life _______(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的) not how much they can earn.(2007.12) 答案： is measured by how much they can loan
3)表语从句 In my sixties, one change I notice is that__________ (我比以前更容易累了). (2007.12) 答案：I am more likely to get tired than before
4)定语从句 1).______________(与我成长的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting.(2008.6)答案： Compared with the place where I grew up
2)The prevention and treatment of AIDS is_____________ (我们可以合作的领域). (2007.6)答案：the field where(in which)we can cooperate
5)状语从句 1) Leaving one’s job, ______________(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.(2008.6) 答案：whatever it is(让步状语从句) 2)I am going to pursue this course, (无论我要作出什么样的牺牲).(2007.12) 答案：no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make(让步状语从句) 2.虚拟语气
历年真题中涉及到虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：
(1)(should)+动词原形的情形; (2)if或but for等引导的条件句; (3)wish, if only, would rather, It is(high)time that…的`用法。
【真题】You would not have failed if______________(按照我的指令去做).(2009.12) 考点有两个：首先最重要的考点是if从句的虚拟语气考查;根据语法规定，如果主句中出现would +have的 形式，从句中应该采用had+过去分词的结构;第二 是固定搭配“按照…的指令”表达为follow my instructions 或者是follow my orders 注意多样化的表达，两者选其一就可以;注意很多学生出现遗漏主语you，造成不必要的失分。【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者you had followed my orders
3.倒装结构 倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型，重点是部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：
(1)否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once, under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner…than， sooner…than，not only…but also用于句首时所导致的倒装。 Seldom did I go to theater, but now it is different. 以前我很少去剧院，但是现在不同了。
(2)虚拟倒装。指在if引导的虚拟条件句中，将if 省略，把should, had, were提至主语前，形成倒装。 Were I you, I’ll never promise to do that.如果我是你，绝对不会答应那么做的。
(3)强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒装，如： A. so 倒装句 So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep. 他工作如此勤奋以至于经常废寝忘食。
B.以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语：only, often, then Then did I throw myself into the chair, exhausted. 然后我一屁股坐在椅子上，累死了。 Only by working hard can we achieve what we want. 我们只有通过努力工作才能获得想要的东西。
(4)在“so+形容词…that分句”结构中，如将“so+形容词”置于句首以示强调时，其后的系动词be则要移到主语前面，形成主谓的完全倒装。So moved was she that she could not say a word. 她感动得说不出话来。
练习题
1. The professor required that_____________________ (我们交研究报告)by Wednesday.
2. George called his boss from the airport but it _____________________ (接电话的却是他的助手).
3. The mananger never laughed, neither_______________(她也从来没有发过脾气)。
4. The significant museum________________(据说建成于)about a hundred years ago
5. 5.If she had return an hour earlier, Mary_______________(就不会被大雨淋了)。
|烟、易戒
大学英语四级语法指导详解
大学英语四级语法指导(1)
非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子(或者句子，短语)
当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。(它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。
独立主格的结构1：名词(代词)+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。 作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词，而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。
1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity， copper _B_ it closely.
A followed B following C to follow D being followed
2. All things _A_， the planned trip will have to be called off.
A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
call off 取消; cancel vt. 取消; 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
独立主格的结构2：with + 名词(代词)+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
3. After the Arab states won independence， great emphasis was laid on expanding education， with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged
as well as 和(相当于and); be encouraged不会考。
动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励;
been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对;being encouraged 正在被鼓励
短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的结构：分词(分词短语)
句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的.主语发出动作，则使用现在分词;如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
1.No matter how frequently _A_， the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏;
to be performed 将要被演奏; being performed 正在被演奏;
一些特殊的动词：
第一点：forget 忘记; [反义] remember 记得;
这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为;这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。
forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事; forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事;
remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事; remember doing sth. 记得做过某事;
2. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
offer vt. 提出，提供; offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。
大学英语四级语法指导(2)
短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的结构：分词(分词短语)
句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词;如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
1.No matter how frequently _A_， the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏;
to be performed 将要被演奏; being performed 正在被演奏;
一些特殊的动词：
第一点：forget 忘记; [反义] remember 记得;
这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为;这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。
forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事; forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事;
remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事; remember doing sth. 记得做过某事;
2. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
offer vt. 提出，提供; offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。
动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。
动作发出者 + 动名词;当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词;当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词(宾格)+ 动名词。
形容词物主代词：his， her， my， your， their， our。代词宾格：him， her， me， you， us， them。
第二点：want 想要; want to do sth. 想做某事; want doing 客观需要或缺乏。
例. Your hair wants _B_. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected
watch 看电视用，看比赛用; see 看电影用;
感官动词watch， see， hear; 感官动词 + 名词(代词)+ do
be erected 强调的是动作的结果; being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
2. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放弃; give in 屈服，让步; give off 释放，放出(烟和气体);
give away 泄露，走漏风声;婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程;赠送礼品。
3. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb. + 分词; inform v. 通知，告知; inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
4. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb. (注意要看整个句子); fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。 fight for 为…而战。
I fight with him. 我和他打起来了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩对付她。
5. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward
in spite of 尽管; carry on 坚持，继续。
注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。
例. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
第三点：mean 意味; mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲… ;mean doing 意味着，…的意思是…
例. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. [reception desk 接待台]
A making B to make C to have made D having made
大学英语四级语法指导(3)
动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。
动作发出者 + 动名词;当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词;当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词(宾格)+ 动名词。
形容词物主代词：his， her， my， your， their， our。代词宾格：him， her， me， you， us， them。
第二点：want 想要; want to do sth. 想做某事; want doing 客观需要或缺乏。
例. Your hair wants _B_. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut
注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。
例. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
第三点：mean 意味; mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲… ;mean doing 意味着，…的意思是…
例. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. [reception desk 接待台]
A making B to make C to have made D having made
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected
watch 看电视用，看比赛用; see 看电影用;
感官动词watch， see， hear; 感官动词 + 名词(代词)+ do
be erected 强调的是动作的结果; being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
2. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放弃; give in 屈服，让步; give off 释放，放出(烟和气体);
give away 泄露，走漏风声;婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程;赠送礼品。
3. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb. + 分词; inform v. 通知，告知; inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
4. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb. (注意要看整个句子); fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。 fight for 为…而战。
I fight with him. 我和他打起来了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩对付她。
5. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward
in spite of 尽管; carry on 坚持，继续。
大学英语四级语法指导(4)
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected
watch 看电视用，看比赛用; see 看电影用;
感官动词watch， see， hear; 感官动词 + 名词(代词)+ do
be erected 强调的是动作的结果; being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
2. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放弃; give in 屈服，让步; give off 释放，放出(烟和气体);
give away 泄露，走漏风声;婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程;赠送礼品。
3. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb. + 分词; inform v. 通知，告知; inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
4. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb. (注意要看整个句子); fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。 fight for 为…而战。
I fight with him. 我和他打起来了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩对付她。
5. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward
in spite of 尽管; carry on 坚持，继续。
6. I should like to rent a house， modern， comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.
A all in all B above all C after all D over all
all in all 总而言之;above all 首先，尤其是;after all 毕竟，终究;overall 全面的，总体的
in a word 总之，in short 简而言之，in conclusion 最后，总之，to sum up总之，总而言之。
7. _B_ we have finished the course， we shall start doing more revision work.
A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now
now that 既然，由于(相当于since); ever since 自从…以来。
与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式：
now that 既然，由于; in that 因为; except that 除…之外。
except后面加名词或代词;except that后面加句子。
8. What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.
A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to
be attached to 连接，附属; This school is attached to Beida. 这所学校附属于北大。
responsible to 对…负有责任; resistant adj. 反抗的，抵抗的; water resistant 防水的。
be contrary to 与。。相反(相违背)。
9. John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.
A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going
regret doing 后悔做过某事; regret to do sth. 遗憾的做某事(应用语境非常有限)。
10. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.
A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice
out of work 失业; out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着; out of practice 缺乏练习。
大学英语四级语法指导(5)
1.Mrs. Brown is supposed _A_ for Italy last week.
A to have left B to be leaving C to leave D to have been left
be supposed to do sth. 应该(理应)做某事。
2. He’s watching TV? He’s _D_ to be cleaning his room.
A known B considered C regarded D supposed
regard as 把…认作
3. My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.
A treated B adjusted C adopted D remedied
treat 对待，处理; I’ll treat you. 我请客，应用于真正请客之前。It’s on me. 应用于结帐时。
adjust vt. 调整，调节; adopt vt. 收养，领养; remedy vt. 弥补，补救，修正;
4. A new technique _C_， the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A working out B having worked out
C having been worked out D to have been worded out
yields 产量; work out 作出，推出
关于百分数之前介词的用法
increase to 80 percent 增加到80% (增加到用to)
increase by 60 percent增加了60% (表示增加的幅度用by)
5. Between 1974 and 1997， the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.
A by B for C to D in
1. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.
A hurt B damaged C spoiled D harmed
spoil vt. 宠坏，溺爱
2. When Mr. Jones gets old， he will _B_ over his business to his son.
A take B hand C think D get
take over 接管接收; hand over 移交，交出; think over 仔细考虑; get over 克服，战胜。
3. We had a party last month， and it was a lot of fun， so let’s have _A_ one this month.
A another B more C the other D other
不定代词：1 两者中的一个用one;另一个则用the other; 2 很多东西中的一个用one;
剩下的所有叫the others; 3 很多东西中的一个用one;剩下的所有里面再拿一个叫another;
在剩下的里面再拿一个还叫another(单数概念); 4 很多东西中拿了若干出来用some;
剩下所有叫others; other 后通常要加可数名词的复数形式; more 要用在数词的后面
once more 再来一个(用于很不正式的场合) vravo 再来一个(用于正式场合)
4. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.
A the other B any other C another D other
neither 两者中任意一者都不
5. It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.
A impression B reaction C comment D opinion
reaction n. 反应; reaction to 对…作出反应
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