王小旭zx
Before we start, let's talk a bit about collocations. Collocations are groups of words that are commonly used together. Native speakers are so used to using them, they know what sounds "right" and what sounds "wrong."在我们开始之前，我们来谈下搭配。搭配是指常用的词组搭配到一起。当地人很习惯于用这些，他们知道什么的搭配听起来是对的，什么是错的。For example, in English the phrase "go online" is a natural way to refer to using the internet. But it wouldn't be natural to say something like "proceed online" or "travel online", even though "proceed" and "travel" are other ways to express “go.” You’ll hear lots of collocations related to office life in today's dialog. Listen out for them and we'll explain what they mean and how to use them in the debrief. 比如，英语中的短语上网，就是使用网络的意思，甚至用前进和旅游来表达这个意思。在今天的播客中，你将听到很多和办公生活有关的搭配。仔细听，我们将会解释它们的意思以及如何在听取报告的时候使用它。Now, on to the role of an administrative assistant. The job title of "administrative assistant", or "admin assistant" for short, can cover quite a broad range of responsibilities. Admin assistants typically spend a lot of time handling data—whether it's timesheets recording the working hours of other employees, or rosters used for scheduling meeting rooms. Much of what they do involves making sure that other employees are working as efficiently as possible. 现在，来谈谈一个行政助理的职责。通常他们要花很长时间处理数据，不论是日程表记录，雇员的工作时间，还是会议地点安排的执勤人员表。这些很多都牵涉到确认是否有效地工作。In this episode we'll talk with Christina, who works as an admin assistant in the human resources department of an auto parts manufacturer. Christina's going to tell us about some of the responsibilities of her position. 在这节播客中，我们将和克里斯蒂娜交谈，她是汽车配件生产商的人事部的行政助理。克里斯蒂娜将会告诉我们有关她职责的细节。Collocations are a challenge for anyone learning English. There aren't any specific rules to follow. You just have to listen for what sounds right. Still, they're essential for English communication and important to keep in mind when you learn new vocabulary—don't just think about the new word, think about what other words it might be used with. We'll point out some useful collocations related to daily office work as we go through this lesson. 词语搭配对于英语学习者来说是一个挑战。没有严格的条款去依循。你必须去听听起来是对的。并且，当你学 学了新的词汇，不要只是觉得他们是新的词汇，要想到其他的一些可能会用到的其他词语，而搭配对于记住这些新的词至关重 要。Administrative assistants are important to any business organization. For example, they make sure data is handled responsibly and records are maintained properly. It might seem like they work in the background, but their jobs are critical to the smooth running of a company. 行政助理对于任何商业组织都很重要。比如，他们要确保 数据正确，记录好公司正常运行的数据。In the last episode we met Christina, the Head Administrative Assistant in the Human Resources department at LaFarge Automotive. In an interview, Christina told us about some of her usual job duties. Today, she'll talk about why her work is so important to the company. 上一集中，我们了解了克里斯蒂娜，在拉法基汽车公司人事部门的 总的行政助理。在这个访谈中，克里斯蒂娜告诉了我们她的日常工作。今天，她将要谈论她的工作对于整个公司的重要性。
欠我一场爱情
一、关于《愚公移山》的英译本 《愚公移山》是中国古代一个寓言故事，出自《列子·汤问》。1945年6月11日，毛泽东在中国共产党第七次全国代表大会上的闭幕词《愚公移山》中引用了这个故事，后来该闭幕词收录于《毛泽东选集》第三卷。毛泽东等领导人著作的翻译工作早在解放前就已开始。1950年3月，中宣部成立《毛泽东选集》英译委员会，徐永焕出任主任，参加翻译工作的还有金岳霖、钱锤书、王佐良等名流学者。虽然我们现在难以了解到英译《愚公移山》的主要执笔者是谁，但是有一点不可否认，英译《毛泽东选集》凝聚了当时国内最高水平翻译家的智慧和心血。二、从句法角度赏析《愚公移山》的英译本 多年来，笔者把《毛泽东选集》第三卷中《愚公移山》的寓言故事部分作为英译汉练习。并从每次讲评学生译文中体味原译在语言运用上的精妙之处，而原译中的句法更是独具匠心，达到游刃有余的境界。下面，笔者从句法角度对《愚公移山》的英译本逐句加以赏析，再现翻译名家们高超的语言运用能力(《愚公移山》原文和译文均摘自‘毛主席语录(汉英对照)》)。1．中国古代有个寓言，叫做“愚公移山”。【译文】There is all ancient Chinese fable called“The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains”．【赏析】①译文的句子主干为there be结构，利用过去分词called修饰fable，非常简练。②如果在called之前加whichwas或which is，虽然符合语法，但是显得累赘。2．说的是古代有一位老人，住在华北，名叫北山愚公。【译文】lt tells of an old man who lived in northern China long．10ng ago and was known as the Foolish Old Man of North Mountain．【赏析】①译文中的Ittellsof常用于介绍故事梗概。例如，“有个故事讲的是一个贫穷潦倒的书生爱上一个出身书香门第的美丽小姐”可译为“A story tells of a poverty-stricken scholar falling in love with a beautiful maiden from a literary family”。②译文利用关系代词who引导的形容词从句修饰anoldman，并且通过并列连词and把lived和was known连起来，结构自然、流畅。3．他的家门南面有两座大山挡住他家的出路，一座叫做太行山，一座叫做王屋山。【译文】His house faced south and beyond his doorway stood the two great peaks,Taihang and Wangwu,obstructing the way．【赏析】①译文没有把“他的家门南面”译成地点状语in the south of his house，避免重复使用there be句型。②译文把beyond his doorway提前，利用倒装结构很自然地引出主体“两座大山”。并且把“一座叫做太行山，一座叫做王屋山”译成同位语，十分简练。一位成绩不错的学生曾将此句译为“Two great mountains in the south of his house obstructed his way to the outSide．One is called Mount Tamang and the other Mount Wangwu”，虽然语言上没什么问题，但总觉得有些像口译，缺乏笔译的神韵。4．愚公下决心率领他的儿子们要用锄头挖去这两座大山。【译文】Witlh great determination,he led his sons in digging up these mountains hoe in hand．【赏析】①译文中没有把“下决心”译成decided to，而是译成介词词组with great determination，突出英语“静态”的语言特点。另外，把With great determination置于句首，一是强调，二是平衡句子结构。②译文中hoe in hand是独立主格结构，形象地再现了当时的情景。如果译成with hoes，则太强调hoes这类挖山工具的本身了。事实上，hoeinhand中的hoe和hand都使用单数形式，就是要描述一幅虽抽象却不失整体的画卷。试区别two books in his right hand(他右手拿着两本书)和book in hand(手里拿着书)，两者的意境是不一样的。5．有个老头子名叫智叟的看了发笑，说是你们这样干未免太愚蠢了，你们父子数人要挖掉这样两座大山是完全不可能的。【译文】Another greybeard,known as the Wise Old Man,saw them and said defisively,"How silly of you to do this!lt is quite impossible for you few to dig up these two huge mountains．"【赏析】①译文中known as the Wise OldMan是一个过去分词，作为插入成分修饰another greybeard，既简练又地道。②译文把原文中的间接引语处理成直接引语，符合译入语的语言习惯，更显生动。⑨译文中的few是you的同位语。few的增加非常妙，突出了主题。试想，如果没有few，虽然内容上差不多，但效果差之千里。6．愚公回答说：我死了以后有我的儿子，儿子死了，又有孙子，子子孙孙是没有穷尽的。这两座山虽然很高，却是不会再增高了。挖一点就会少一点，为什么挖不平呢?【译文】The Foolish Old Man replied,”When I die，my sons will carrry on；when they die，there will be my grandsons，and then their sons and grandsons，and SO on to infinity．High as they are，the mountains cannot grow any higher and with every bit we dig，they will be that much lower．Why can't we clear them away?”【赏析】①译文中carry on很简练，无需译成continue with my work、go on with my job等。另外，and then后面省略了therewillbe，很地道。最后。toinfinity的使用可以看出译者用词的得心应手。②译文中Higll asthey are相当于Although they are high，是形容词提前的方式状语从句。译者在这里对语言的处理是有意的，一方面使句型富有变化，更重要的是通过把high提前突出主题，因为突出山之“高”才显挖山之“难”、挖山之“愚”。③对“挖一点就会少一点”多数学生的思路是使用“the morc⋯the more⋯”结构，可能译为“The morc we dig，the less high themo删ns will be．”但译文让人耳目一新，特别足修饰lower的that much正好对应于everybit，可见译者运用语言的细腻之处。7．愚公批驳了智叟的错误思想，毫不动摇，每天挖山不止。【译文】Having refuted the Wise Old Man’s wrong view,he went on digging every day,unshaken in his conviction．【赏析】①译文利用完成式的现在分词Having refuted⋯表示先后的时间关系，使句型富有变化。②unshaken in his conviction是形容词组作状语，描述主语he，前面省去being更显简练。三、结语通过赏析《愚公移山》的英译本，我们深深体会到老一辈翻译家深厚扎实的语言功底及其独具匠心的翻译技巧。翻译不仅是一种语言活动，还是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。同一篇原文会有不同译文，也自然反映出译者水平的不同。要搞好翻译，必须对两种语言的句法非常了解，这是“再创作”的基础。
果果麦片
Political risk is highly correlated with most of the examined variables. For example, the possibility of arbitrary expropriation of the legal title to property is a political risk factor. However, political risk encompasses more than this alone, e.g., a low level of security and high levels of bribery and corruption. One notes that political risk is also highly correlated with sociocultural aspects, such as a low life expectancy at birth, a high level of illiteracy and a low level of quality of living. Clearly, in countries that promise high political risk for institutional investors, local inhabitants inevitably suffer. Arguably, there is a direct relation between political risk and these sociocultural factors: when the level of political risk is high, the level of investment will be low, given the required risk premium. Therefore, the economic situation for inhabitants of that country will be weak and will presumably remain weak, until the institutional environment is more hospitable to economic development and investment. Another interesting finding is that homeownership is too complex to function as a single index for the investment climate. The rate of homeownership appears to be highly related to the lack of an expropriation threat. While this is the case, one should be cautious in applying this result to all regions of the world. For example, one is less likely to expect expropriation in highly developed countries than in less developed countries, where the legal system is often more volatile. Of the high income countries, homeownership is highest in the English-speaking countries, where the common law tradition raises the social cost of expropriation over time. The preliminary evidence presented in this paper suggests that homeownership rates may indeed be related to the type of legal system employed. These results provide encouragement that legal institutions may be an important factor of consideration, despite being disregarded or deemed exogenous to asset pricing models for many years. Institutional risk is an integral part of the economic activity in the markets of the world. Using a number of variables, it becomes possible to apply formal international asset pricing models, in order to determine the magnitude in which legal institutions exert price effects. For example, it would be interesting to analyze the impact of political risk on the returns of institutional investors. Other variables that seem to be promising for usage in these models are security, entrepreneurship and innovation, foreign control, foreign treatment and homeownership. With further empirical testing, we may be able to understand more about the nature and impact of these institutional effects. If these findings can be generalized, this has important implications for international investors, national governments, and individual citizens. Further research is under way along these lines.政治风险与大部分被测试的变量高度相关,例如财产的合法所有权的任意没收的可能性是政治风险的因素.然而政治风险包含更多的单一的这些.例如安全度低,行贿和受贿的程度高.一个记录是政治风险也许与社会文化方面高度相关,例如低出生率,高文盲水平,低的生活质量水平.值得清楚的是,在一些国家对于公共机构的投资者允许高政治风险,而当地居民不可避免地受到损害.有争议的是,在政治风险和社会文化因素有一个直接的关系.如果考虑到要求的风险津贴,当政治风险越高,投资水平将会越低.因此.那个国家居民的经济情况将会很糟糕,可能继续糟糕直到公共机构环境更适合经济的发展和投资.另一有趣的方面是房屋所有权对于作为为了投资环境这一指数的功能来讲太复杂了.房屋所有权的比率好象与没收财产威胁的减少有高度的关联.对于这个案例,人们应用这一结果到世界所有地域时应该小心,谨慎.例如,个人在高度发达的国家比在非高度发达的国家更少担心财产没收.在非高度发达的国家里法律系统常常是更易变的.在高收入国家里,和在说英语的国家里拥有房屋所有权是最高的,因为在那样的国家里很长一段时间里普遍的法律传统提高了没收财产的社会代价.报纸上展示的最初的证据表明房屋所有权比率确实与雇佣法律系统的类型有关.这些结果对于合法的公共机构可能是考虑的一个重要因素提供了鼓励,尽管被漠视或相信外因对于多年的财产标价模型有影响.公共机构风险在世界市场里是经济活动的一个整体部分.利用大量的可变因素,使应用正式的国际财产标价模型变的有可能,从而决定量值.在这些量值里法律公共机构发挥了价格作用.例如,在公共机构投资者的回报上分析政治风险方面可能非常有趣.为了这些模型使用的其他可变因素好象正在被允许,它们是安全,企业关系,创新,国外控制,国外待遇和房屋所有权.伴随着进一步的经验主义的测试,我们可能对这些公共机构影响的本质和作用有更多地理解.如果这些能够被总结,它可能提供重要的暗示对于国际投资者,国家官员,和个体居民.进一步的研究正沿着这些路线进行着.
