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Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials. 调查研究是科学技术其中最重要的一个方面。一名研究人员通常作为团队的一员，与其他科学家和工程师共同研究。他或她往往是受雇于某个实验室或研究所，其经费通常由政府或某个行业提供。研究领域涉及土木工程，包括土力学及土壤加固技术等，并涉及到结构新材料的开发和试验。 Civil engineering projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies. 土木工程项目几乎都是独一无二的，也就是说，每一个都有其自身存在的问题和设计特点。因此，要认真研究每个特定的项目，甚至在设计工作开始前就开始研究。研究内容包括调查、测量拟定项目现场的地形和地下土质。还要考虑到可能的备选方案，比如是选择混凝土重力坝还是选择填土筑堤大坝。对于每个可选的方案都要衡量其牵涉到的经济因素。当前在研究中还要充分考虑该项目的建设对环境的影响。在做项目的可行性研究时，一个团队通常由许多专业的工程师组成，包括测量工程师，土力学专家，设计和施工专家等等。Many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. In a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities. 许多土木工程师参与设计工作，他们中间不乏行业内的顶尖专家。正如我们所看到的，土木工程师的工作牵涉到很多不同种类的建筑物，所以各行如隔山，每个领域都有其精通的专家，专门从事某一类研究。在建筑物的设计中，这些工程师往往担任某个建筑或安装公司的顾问。大坝，桥梁，供水系统，以及其他大型工程项目通常聘请一些工程师，他们的工作由一个负责整个项目的系统工程师统一协调管理。在很多情况下，其他专业领域的工程师也会参与到项目中。例如，在大坝项目中，电气及机械工程师会参与到发电厂房及动力设备的设计中去。另外土木工程师还会被安排到另一些领域区工作，如太空开发计划，在设计和建造一些结构如火箭发射架和储存设施时，土木工程师就有必要参与其中的设计和建设。 Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects, it involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. 对于几乎所有的工程项目来说，施工都是一个极其复杂的过程，它涉及到工期的组织计划，设备和材料的合理使用，目的使建设成本越低越好。还必须考虑到安全因素，由于施工是很危险的。因此许多土木工程师专门深入研究施工阶段。 Much of the work of civil engineers is carried on outdoors, often in rugged and difficult terrain or under dangerous conditions. Surveying is an outdoor occupation, for example, and dams are often built in wild river valleys or gorges. Bridges, tunnels, and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. In addition, the work must also progress under all kinds of weather conditions. 土木工程师的许多工作在户外进行的，他们常常在崎岖不平的复杂地形甚至危险情况下。测量也是一个室外专业，例如，大坝往往是建于激流河谷活峡谷中。桥梁，隧道，以及摩天大厦的施工场所也充满危险。此外，工程必须在不可避免的各种气候条件下进行。 The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her **. 未来的土木工程师们应该清醒意识到这种工作对他们（或她们）的体质要求。God，终于搞完了！
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研究工作是科学与工程实践中最重要的一个方面。研究人员通常作为团队的一员与其他科学家和工程师一起工作。他或她通常受雇于一家政府或行业资助的实验室。与土木工程相关的研究领域包括土壤力学和土壤加固技术，也包括新型建筑材料的开发与试验。土木工程项目几乎都是独一无二的，也就是说，每个工程都有自己的问题和设计特点。因此，甚至在设计工作开始以前，每个项目都被仔细研究过。研究包括预选地点的地形和地基特征调查。它还包括考虑可能的替代方案，比如混领土重力坝或填土堤坝。每个可能替代方案涉及的经济因素也必须予以衡量。目前，这种研究通常还包括对项目环境影响的考虑。通过一个包含了测量人员、土壤力学专家和设计与施工专家在内的工作团队，许多工程师都参与了这类可行性研究。许多土建工程师，其中有些属于行业内顶尖的专家，都参与设计。正如我们已经看到的那样，土建工程师参与各种不同的建筑，因此通常的惯例是一个工程师只专攻一类建筑。在设计建筑物的过程中，工程师们通常充当建筑设计或施工单位的顾问。大坝、桥梁、供水系统和其他大型项目通常雇佣数名工程师，其工作由一名负责整个项目的系统工程师进行协调。许多情况下还涉及其他领域的工程师。比如，在大坝项目上，电力和机械工程师参与电站及其设备的设计。在其他情况下，土建工程师被安排参与其他领域的项目。比如，在太空项目上需要土建工程师设计和建造发射平台和火箭保存设施之类的建筑物。在几乎所有的工程项目中，施工都是一个复杂的过程，它涉及工作的安排和设备与材料的利用以保证成本尽可能低。安全因素也必须考虑，因为施工可能非常危险。因此，许多土建工程师也专攻施工过程。土建工程师的工作大量是在户外、通常是在崎岖不平非常困难的地形和危险的条件下完成的。比如，测量是一项户外职业，大坝通常建在荒凉的山谷或峡谷地带。在建的桥梁、隧道和摩天大楼也是危险的工作区域。而且，不管天气条件如何，工作还得向前推进。未来的土建工程师必须清楚对他或她的身体条件方面的要求。
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多种方法,看你用在什么地方:1..engineering[7endVi5niEriN]n.工程(学)engineeringen.gi.neer.ingAHD:[µn”j…-nîr“¹ng] D.J.[7end9*6n!*r!0]K.K.[7Wnd9*6n!r!0]n.Abbr. e.,E.,eng.（名词）缩写 e.,E.,eng.The application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems.工程学：将科学及数学原理运用于实际用途的应用手段，如设计、制造及对高效经济构造、机器、进程及系统进行操纵管理The profession of or the work performed by an engineer.工程师职业：工程师所做的活动或业务Skillful maneuvering or direction:熟练的操作或指导：geopolitical engineering; social engineering.地理政治操作法；社会运作法engineering[7endVi5niEriN]n.工程, 工程学设计, 工程[工艺]技术, 制造工艺, 技术设备操纵, 管理engineering college工学院 E-Corps 工兵部队engineering instructions技术说明书engineering report技术报告engineering (servicing) time预检(维修)时间engineering-orientedadj.从事工程的, 与工程有关的aerospace engineering航空和航天工程airport engineering航空站工程学audio engineering声频工程, 声频技术biochemical engineering生化工程biological engineering生物工程cell engineering细胞工程(学)chromosome engineering染色体工程(学)coastal engineering海岸工程学constructional engineering建筑工程, 结构工程earthquake engineering地震工程electrical engineering电工技术, 电气工程, 电机工程field engineering外部工程; 安装工程gene engineering基因工程genetic engineering遗传工程harbor engineering海港工程学heat engineering热工学heavy engineering重型机器制造业human engineering运行工程学(研制机器时, 考虑操作员的能力、限制、习惯等因素的科学), 人事管理学, 人体工程学hydraulic engineering水利工程(学)industrial engineering工业工程, 工业管理学jewish engineering商业经营学讲义job engineering作业工程knowledge engineering知识工程language engineering语言工程学light current engineering弱电工程(学)maintenance engineering保养工程(学)management systems engineering经营管理系统工程marine traffic engineering水运工程mechanical engineering机械工程metallurgical engineering冶金工程methods engineering方法工程(学)microwave engineering微波工程(学)mineral engineering采矿工程molecular engineering分子工程municipal engineering市政工程(学)naval engineering海军工程(学)nuclear engineering核技术,核工程ocean engineering海洋工程offshore engineering离岸工程openings and development engineering井巷工程plant engineering设备安装使用工程, 设备运转技术plasma engineering等离子工程plasmid engineering质粒工程process engineering工艺学process control engineering程序控制工程production engineering工艺设计, 生产过程组织技术protein engineering蛋白质工程quarry engineering采石工程radiation chemical engineering辐射化学工程radio-frequency engineering射频无线电工程railroad engineering铁路工程学reaction engineering反应工程学relay engineering继电器学river engineering河川工程学river-and-harbour engineering河海工程signal engineering信号工程sinking and driving engineering井巷工程software engineering软件工程subminiature engineering超小型工程systematic engineering系统工程television engineering电视学, 电视工程(学)thermonuclear chemical engineering热核化学工程timber engineering木材工程transportation engineering运输工程(学)ultrasonic engineering超声工程underwater engineering水下工程value engineering工程经济学, 价值工程water-supply engineering给水工程学weak current engineering弱电工程wind power engineering风力工程(学)engineeringen.gi.neer.ingAHD:[µn”j…-nîr“¹ng] D.J.[7end/*6n!*r!0]K.K.[7Wnd/*6n!r!0]n.Abbr. e.,E.,eng.The application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems.The profession of or the work performed by an engineer.Skillful maneuvering or direction:geopolitical engineering; social engineering.engineeringengineer+ -ing 名词后缀2,project[5prCdVekt]n.计划, 方案, 事业, 企业, 工程v.设计, 计划, 投射, 放映, 射出, 发射(导弹等), 凸出projectproj.ectAHD:[pr¼j“µkt”, -¹kt] D.J.[6prKd97ekt, -!kt]K.K.[6pr$d97Wkt, -!kt]n.（名词）A plan or proposal; a scheme.See Synonyms at plan 计划，方案：计划或提议；方案参见 planAn undertaking requiring concerted effort:工程：需要一致协调努力的任务：a community cleanup project; a government-funded irrigation project.社区清洁计划；由政府出资的灌溉工程An extensive task undertaken by a student or group of students to apply, illustrate, or supplement classroom lessons.研究计划：一个学生或一组学生执行以使用、阐明或补遗课堂作业的大量任务A housing project.住宅区v.（动词） projectpro.ject.ed,pro.ject.ing,pro.jects[pr…-jµkt“] v.tr.（及物动词）To thrust outward or forward:使突出：向外或向前突出：project one's jaw in defiance.伸出下颌以示轻蔑To throw forward; hurl:投掷：向前投掷；扔：project an arrow.投出一支箭To send out into space; cast:映射：散射到大气中去；投出：project a light beam.投射一束光线To cause (an image) to appear on a surface:投映：使（一个影子）出现在一个表面上：projected the slide onto a screen.把幻灯片投映到屏幕上Mathematics To produce (a projection).【数学】 制作（投影线）To direct (one's voice) so as to be heard clearly at a distance.控制嗓音：控制（某人的声音）以便在远处能被清楚地听见Psychology To externalize and attribute (an emotion, for example) to someone or something else.【心理学】 把感情投射于…：显露并将（比如感情）归因于某人或其他事To convey an impression of to an audience or to others:传达：向观众或其他人传递对…的印象：a posture that projects defeat; projected a positive corporate image.表达胜利的姿势；传达公司正面的形象To form a plan or an intention for:计划：为…形成一个计划或一种意向：project a new business enterprise.筹划新企业To calculate, estimate, or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends:预计：基于当前的资料或趋势（对未来的某事）的计算、估计或预测：projecting next year's expenses and income.预计明年的费用和收入v.intr.（不及物动词）To extend forward or out; jut out:突出：向前或向外伸出；突出：beams that project beyond the eaves.See Synonyms at bulge 伸出屋檐的梁参见 bulgeTo direct one's voice so as to be heard clearly at a distance.提聚声音：控制自己的嗓音以便从远处能被清楚地听到Middle English projecte 中古英语 projecte from Latin pr½m [projecting structure] [from neuter past participle of] pr½icere [to throw out] 源自 拉丁语 pr½m [突出结构] [] 源自pr½icere的中性过去分词 [扔出] pr½- [forth] * see pro- 1pr½- [向前的] *参见 pro-1iacere [to throw] * see y¶- iacere [扔] *参见 y¶- project“ableadj.（形容词）project[5prCdVekt]n.方案, 计划, 规划, 设计工程, 企业, 事业科研项目; 课外自修项目carry out a new project实行一项新计划irrigation project灌溉工程project[5prCdVekt]vt.[prE5dVekt]计划, 规划, 筹划投掷, 抛出; 发射投影, 上映使突出, 使凸出预言, 预测, 预想表明...的特点, 生动地表演【数】作...投影图, 把...画成一投影状【心理】使(思想感情)形象化, 具体化【化】投入(into, on)project a new dam规划新的堤坝project a film on the screen把影片映在银幕上project one's country overseas向海外介绍自已的国家He projected the weather for the coming week.他预测下个星期的天气。project[5prCdVekt]vi.伸出, 突出设想自已处身于(into)Nails that project from the wall may tear your clothes.墙上伸出的钉子会划破你的衣服。The upper storey projects over the street.二楼伸出街面。projectableadj.projecting[prEJ`dVektIN]adj.突出的, 凹出的projectual[prEJ`dVektFJEl]n.投射[影]教材(如教学用的幻灯片等)advanced project尖端研究计划已提出的计划远景规划project oneself突出自己, 表现自己设想自己处身于(into)projectsth. onto sb.设想某人怀有和自己 一样的想法(或感情); 以己之心度人之腹advanced project尖端研究计划已提出的计划远景规划project oneself突出自己, 表现自己设想自己处身于(into)projectsth. onto sb.设想某人怀有和自己 一样的想法(或感情); 以己之心度人之腹action projects行动计划advanced project先进(研究)计划, 尖端(研究)计划, 高级计划; 已经提出的计划; 远景计划agricultural projects农业规划aptitude project发展能力设计automatic block project自动闭塞计划[设计]bankable project可由银行担保的项目capital project投资方案[计划]capital intensive project资本密集项目centralized traffic control project调度集中计划[设计]chemical project化工项目smoke project发烟弹action projects行动计划advanced project先进(研究)计划, 尖端(研究)计划, 高级计划; 已经提出的计划; 远景计划agricultural projects农业规划aptitude project发展能力设计automatic block project自动闭塞计划[设计]bankable project可由银行担保的项目capital project投资方案[计划]capital intensive project资本密集项目centralized traffic control project调度集中计划[设计]chemical project化工项目Citizenship Education P-公民教育方案community development project社会开发计划co-publishing project联合[合作]出版计划crash project应急计划curriculum project课程设计Delta P-[瑞典]德尔塔(培训在职教师的)计划demonstration project示范项目development project发展项目diploma project毕业设计economic project经济规划economically unsound project经济上不合算的项目educational research project教育研究计划[项目]engineering project工程(项目)environmental project环境规划financial project财政计划flood retarding project拦河[防洪]工程follow-on project已完成的工程generating project发电机器going project进行中 项目graduation project毕业设计higher horizons project[美]高水平计划(补充教育计划)horizontal project水平投影housing project住房建造计划hydroelectric project水电站项目hydropower project水电站项目; 在建的水电站incompleted project未完工程independent educational project独立学科industrial project在建的工业项目; 工业项目施工设计integrated project综合[计划]项目interlocking project联锁计划[设计]investment project投资方案[计划]investment-oriented project以投资为目标的项目irrigation projects农田水利规划, 灌溉设计joint project联合规划, 合作计划labo(u)r-intensive projects劳力密集型项目land settlement project土地垦殖计划large scale social overhead capital projects大规模社会间接资本计划link project联接计划(把各国的经济计量模式联结起来, 表现各国经济通过外贸所受的影响)livestock development project牲畜发展项目long-term project长期计划[方案]long-term investment projects长期投资项目maintenance project保养[维修]计划major project重点工程(项目)manufacturing projects产制方案multidiscipli-nary long-term project多科性长期项目multiple-purpose project综合利用工程mutually exclusive projects互斥项目on-going project进行中的项目operational project业务项目, 实施中的项目pilot project试验[试办]项目pilot demonstration project示范性试验项目planned project规划项目population project人口规划power project发电站项目; 在建发电站preliminary project初步设计[计划]prototype project原型设计publishing project出版计划research project研究计划[项目]research and development project研究与发展计划[方案]resignal(l)ing project重建[修改]信号计划rural development project农村发展项目School Mathematics P-[英]普通数学课程设计shortrange project短期进修计划short-term project短期方案[计划]signaling project信号设计[计划]specific project特定项目specified project按技术规范编制的计算或设计split project分裂式发射器subsidized research project接受津贴(资助)的研究规划turn-key project“交钥匙”工程项目, 成套包建项目uprating project提高出力的设计variant projects of location(铁路)选线方案water conservancy project水利工程work project工程计划图World Fertility Survey P-世界生育调查计划Projects to Advance Creativity in Education促进教育创造性的设计作...投影图 把...画成一投影状 ⑧【心理】使(思想感情)形象化 具体化 ⑨【化】投入(into on)project a new dam 规划新的堤坝 project a film on the screen 把影片映在银幕上 project one's country overseas 向海外介绍自已的国家 He projected the weather for the coming week. 他预测下个星期的天气。vi. ①伸出, 突出 ②设想自已处身于(into)Nails that project from the wall may tear your clothes.墙上伸出的钉子会划破你的衣服。The upper storey projects over the street.二楼伸出街面。projectable adj. projecting [prEJ`dVektIN]adj.突出的, 凹出的projectual [prEJ`dVektFJEl]n. 投射[影]教材(如教学用的幻灯片等)projectproj.ectAHD:[pr¼j“µkt”, -¹kt] D.J.[6prKd/7ekt, -!kt]K.K.[6pr$d/7Wkt, -!kt]n.A plan or proposal; a scheme.See Synonyms at plan An undertaking requiring concerted effort:a community cleanup project; a government-funded irrigation project.An extensive task undertaken by a student or group of students to apply, illustrate, or supplement classroom lessons.A housing project.v.projectpro.ject.ed,pro.ject.ing,pro.jects[pr…-jµkt“] v.tr.To thrust outward or forward:project one's jaw in defiance.To throw forward; hurl:project an arrow.To send out into space; cast:project a light beam.To cause (an image) to appear on a surface:projected the slide onto a screen.Mathematics To produce (a projection).To direct (one's voice) so as to be heard clearly at a distance.Psychology To externalize and attribute (an emotion, for example) to someone or something else.To convey an impression of to an audience or to others:a posture that projects defeat; projected a positive corporate image.To form a plan or an intention for:project a new business enterprise.To calculate, estimate, or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends:projecting next year's expenses and income.v.intr.To extend forward or out; jut out:beams that project beyond the eaves.See Synonyms at bulge To direct one's voice so as to be heard clearly at a distance.Middle English projecte from Latin pr½m [projecting structure] [from neuter past participle of] pr½icere [to throw out] pr½- [forth] * see pro- 1iacere [to throw] * see y¶- project“ableadj.project来自拉丁词projicere〈pro-在…前+jacere抛→过去分词projectusprojectbulgedesignenterpriseintentionplanplotproposalprotrudeschemescreenshowstick outundertakingventure
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工业工程 [词典] [计] industrial engineering; [例句]中冶集团主要从事自然资源生产、科学研究和工业工程业务。China Metallurgical is involved in the production of natural resources, scientific research and industrial engineering.
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