dlpengzhen
英语周报2015-2016高三外研56高中英语总复习（十二）参考答案及部分解析参考答案1-5 CBAAC 6-10CBBCA11-15 CACBA 16-20BBCCB 21-25 CABDB 26-30ACDBB31-35 ADCBD 36-40AEFDC 41-45 DACDB 46-50BACAD51-55 BCADB 56-60CACDB61. forgetting 62. hurts63. it 64.up65. that 66.smoothly67. tired 68.the69. of 70.myself短文改错：71. ... people live in cities ... live前加who / that 或live → living72. Some of my friend ... friend → friends73. ... develop their patient ... patient → patience74. ... sometime I do hate ... sometime → sometimes75. ... be so annoyed. annoyed → annoying76. ... as if they are ... are→ were77. ... that makes it ... that→ which78. ... nearby fall asleep. fall前加to79. As really annoys ... As → What80. ... out of the control. 去掉the One possible version:Encouragement, which is like bright andwarm sunshine, is very important.I once got discouraged after failing myEnglish exam. My teacher encouraged me not to lose heart. He said it was no bigdeal to fail an exam and what mattered was to figure out the reasons instead offeeling sorry for myself. I looked through my English paper and realised thatthe reason I failed was that I had two weeks' sick leave. So I made up thelessons I had missed and got good results in the following exams.Encouragement benefited me a lot and I'llcertainly give it to those who feel down next time.部分解析阅读理解：A篇（个人情况）本文是记叙文。一位失去母亲的男子勇敢地从悲痛中走了出来并把爱继续传递给自己的孩子们。21. C。细节理解题。由第一段中的It was the last day of my mom's 4-year fight with cancer和at last the machine signaled her heart had stopped可知，作者在25岁这一年永远地失去了母亲。22. A。细节理解题。由第一段中的tears kept filling my eyes及本段末句I didn't know how I was going to go on without her可知，母亲的离去对作者来说是一个沉重的打击，他在开车回家的路上伤心得泪流不止以至于不得不靠边停车。23. B。推理判断题。作者的母亲刚刚离世不久，他还没有从悲痛中走出来就又被告知自己患了双侧肺炎，真是祸不单行，故选B项。24. D。细节理解题。由第三段中的I had to give my children the Dad they deserved. Day by day afterthat I felt a little stronger and a little better可知，是孩子们让作者重新振作了起来，勇敢地面对生活。B篇（学校生活）本文是议论文。作者认为教师应该给孩子们更多的时间玩耍。25. B。细节理解题。由第二段中的I am not worried ... cannot relate to other children可知，作者重视小孩们的社交能力。26. A。细节理解题。由第三段中的What I can speak to is what I observe day after day in my classroom及作者所举的例子可知，作者通过分享自己的教学经历来支撑自己的观点。27. C。推理判断题。由倒数第二段末的my former students were better able to deal with “down time.”可推断，作者教过的学生更坚强。28. D。观点态度题。由最后一段中的One day, I learned a lesson that I still carry with me可知，作者对那位老师让学生在课堂上尽情玩的教学方法持赞成态度。C篇（兴趣与爱好）本文是说明文。文章介绍了建岩石庭院的方法。29. B。细节理解题。由第二段末的alpine plants not only survive ... similar to those of mountainousregions可知，岩石庭院的环境类似于山地形态，高山植物比较适应这种环境。30. B。细节理解题。由第三段中的In order to avoid uninspired placements ... draw up plans of his orher rock garden before he or she begins the work可知，建岩石庭院的第一步是制订方案。31. A。细节理解题。由第四段中的Limestone is a good choice ... firmly established in the rock可知，石灰石的好处在于上面有孔，可以使空气和水渗透进去，并有利于某些植物与石灰石紧密结合。32. D。推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的the juxtaposition of the rocks and plants ... into consideration可知，岩石庭院和普通花园的不同之处在于，岩石庭院需要的是岩石和植物结合的美，因此对岩石的外观要求较高。D篇（文娱）本文是应用文。文章是关于夏季家庭娱乐活动的介绍。33. C。细节理解题。由Summer Holidays at the ORNC部分的第二项活动的内容可知。34. B。细节理解题。由Family Art Week部分的Location:Clore Learning Centre可知。35. D。细节理解题。由Treasures of the Thames: Family archaeology workshop部分的£8 per adult, £6 per kid under 16可知，该项活动收费。七选五：话题：学校生活本文是议论文。作者认为网络学习难以保证教育质量。36. A。A项中的these memories oftheir teachers指上文的I remember my ...she would share。37. E。E项与上文的Soon, kids will ...sitting in a computer lab构成因果关系。38. F。F项与下文的However, onlineeducation provides a catalyst for cheating相呼应。39. D。D项与下文的Why would they,when the correct answer is just a click away相呼应。40. C。C项中的They指上文的These people，即那些倡导网络学习、不注重教育质量的人。完形填空：话题：人际关系本文是记叙文。作者帮助无家可归的Steve后感到自己衣食无忧是多么幸运。41. D。由下文中的people entered and left the store可知，“我”是在Best Buy这家“商店（store）”外面看到这一幕的。42. A。由上文中的this man going through the garbage can和下文中的pulled out fast food trash bags可知，“我”看到该男子“把手伸进（reached in）”垃圾桶里。43. C。由上文中的going through the garbage can可知，他仔细“检查（inspected）”垃圾袋里的东西。44. D。45. B。由文中的描述可知，他从不“麻烦（bothered）”任何人，或者向进出商店的人讨要“钱（money）”。46. B。由上文中的he went through the entire trash can可推断，他翻完整个垃圾桶后清理了翻找食物的那片“区域（area）”。47. A。看到男子从垃圾桶里找食物的场景，“我”为他感到“伤心（hurt）”。48. C。由下文中的asked him ... him something to eat可知，“我”知道“我”得“帮（help）”他。49. A。由下文中的I bought him the biggest ... 可知，“我”问他“我”是否能给他“买（buy）”点吃的。50. D。由下文的描述可知，不论“我”给他买什么，他都会非常“感激（appreciate）”。51. B。由第五段中的he had finished his meal可知，“我”在快餐店给他买了最丰盛的“一餐（meal）”。52. C。由文中的描述可知，当“我”把食物拿给他时，他非常“感激（thankful）”。53. A。由上文中对Steve的描述可知，他是一个“无家可归的（homeless）”流浪汉。54. D。由上文中的转折词but可知，Steve本想不再在街道上翻垃圾桶找食物维持生活了，但是这对于他来说太“难（hard）”了。55. B。由文中的描述可知，“我”内心“沉重（heaviness）”地离开了。56. C。 “当（When）”“我”返回来时，他刚吃完饭，准备离开。57. A。由上文中的drove off 和drove down可知，“我”把车“停在（pulled up）”他旁边。58. C。由下文中的with tears streaming down his face可知，Steve情不自禁地“哭（crying）”了。59. D。由上文中的he prayed for me可知，Steve“期待（expected）”今天有人能给他买一份饭。60. B。由上文中的I didn't know what to say可知，“我”“说不出话（speechless）”来。语法填空：61. forgetting。考查动词-ing形式作宾语的用法。keep后需跟动词-ing形式作宾语，故填forgetting。62. hurts。考查一般现在时。由always可知应用一般现在时，且主语foot是单数，故填hurts。63. it。考查代词。worth it意为“值得的”。64. up。考查副词。由I love it可知艾丽斯不会放弃舞蹈，故填up。65. that。考查连接词。设空处引导宾语从句，且从句意义和结构均完整，故填that。66. smoothly。考查副词。设空处修饰谓语动词moves，故填副词smoothly。67. tired。考查形容词作表语的用法。由has so much energy可知，此处应填tired（疲乏的）。68. the。考查定冠词。by the way意为“顺便提一下”。69. of。考查介词。此处意为“你真是不友好”，故填of。70. myself。考查代词。此处意为“我自己无法做到”，故填myself。 选做题参考答案及解析 参考答案1-5 DBAAC 6-10 CDDCA解析A篇（自然）本文是记叙文。海洋世界宣布将在其圣地亚哥公园逐渐停止有争议的逆戟鲸表演。1. D。细节理解题。由第二段中的The old show ... will be replaced by one show in line with thewhales' natural behaviors and environment可知。2. B。词义猜测题。由上文的calm及下文的They want the orcaexperience to be activities the whales do in the wild以及最后一段中的fueled strong anger可推断，划线词的意思应该是“恼怒的（annoyed）”。3. A。细节理解题。由第四段中的the change is not enough for activists和Much more needs to be done可知，动物权益保护主义者们期望海洋世界做更多的改变。4. A。细节理解题。由第四段中的Schiff plans to put forth federal legislation to ban breeding ofcaptive orcas可知，Schiff计划通过立法来禁止饲养被捉住的逆戟鲸，从而彻底结束逆戟鲸表演。5. C。细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的the documentary “Blackfish” cast a shadow on that popularity及文章末的led to boycotts and to legislation that would prevent SeaWorld'sorca exhibit可知，这部纪录片使逆戟鲸表演不再那么受欢迎。B篇（体育）本文是说明文。文章是对一本关于将运动融入日常生活的书的评论。6. C。细节理解题。由第一段中的This is the book that inspired me to make a workstation out of mytreadmill — from which I am presently writing this可知，作者受该书的鼓舞在跑步机上写作本文，也就是边工作边运动。7. D。细节理解题。由第二段中的combining physical activity with the daily routines thatpeople already have. This is very different than carving out time togo for walks or get to the gym可知，该书建议读者将运动和日常事务结合起来，在做日常事务的同时达到运动的目的，而不是专门安排时间去做运动。8. D。写作手法题。第三段中作者比较了在健身房做运动和在家里的跑步机办公桌上运动的卡路里消耗情况。9. C。细节理解题。由最后一段中的being more physically active及gentle, all-day physical activity may be much more natural可知。10. A。写作目的题。通读全文可知，本文是作者对Move a Little, Lose a Lot这本书的评论，目的是分享作者对该书的看法。
lostangelus
英语周报2015-2016课标高三第六期答案如下：Book 1 & Book 2参考答案及部分解析参考答案1-5 ACCCB 6-10BBACB11-15 ACBCC 16-20ABACA21-25 BCDCD 26-30CBCBC31-35 DDCCD 36-40ACDEB41-45 ACCDD 46-50BABCA51-55 CDCBD 56-60ABADC61. amazing 62.where63. At 64.are decorated65. performance 66.what67. speaking 68.totally69. a 70.to talk短文改错：71. ... the small boy ... the → a72. ... was approached me ... 去掉was73. ... an eagerly look ... eagerly → eager74. ... they were cheaper. cheaper → cheap75. ... any of their ... their → his76. ... I gave the boy ... gave → give77. ... couldn't bother us. couldn't → wouldn't78. ... to my friends ... friends → friend79. ... the boy think ... think前加to80. ... by doing nothing. nothing → somethingOne possible version:As we can see from the picture, a man is tryingto dive into the water to save a drowning person but is stopped by someoneelse.Helping others in trouble is one of thetraditional virtues of the Chinese nation. However, many people won't do itnow. They think it might cause trouble to themselves and they don't think it'sworthwhile to save others at the risk of their own lives. They fail to thinkabout what others will do if they are in danger.Helping others is a kind of spirit manypeople lack now. Let's try our best to maintain it.部分解析阅读理解：A篇（家庭）本文是记叙文。一位美国士兵突然回家给家人带来惊喜。21. B。细节理解题。由第三段中的The military no longer has leave, so if you come home you have topay for it可知，Kern这次回家是请了无薪假。22. C。推理判断题。由第七段中的Pearl apparently didn't recognize her father and walked right pasthim可推断，Pearl见到父亲时像看到陌生人一样没有反应。23. D。词义猜测题。由第十段开头的They gave him a full uniform and kept him in the back可推断，饭店方面支持并参与了这场精心策划的团聚。故划线部分的意思应该是“参与团聚”。24. C。推理判断题。由第十段开头的They gave him a full uniform and kept him in the back可推断，Woldoff的婆婆之所以没有认出Kern来是因为他穿着服务员的制服。B篇（饮食）本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了泡菜如何成为三明治的必备配菜。25. D。细节理解题。由第二段中的The pickle became popular in the U.S. though when the first Jewishimmigrants came to New York可知。26. C。细节理解题。由第二段中的used the pickle as a palate cleanser. The acidity allows you toexperience the sharp contrast in flavors and more fully appreciate the taste ofyour sandwich可知，泡菜被用来充当味觉清洁剂的作用。故C项正确。27. B。段落大意题。由第三段开头的the pickle's popularity grew及下文提到的“泡菜战争”和泡菜节可推断，本段主要讲泡菜越来越受欢迎。28. C。推理判断题。由最后一段中的the pickle is now the most commonly used side dish for a sandwichand the combination makes up the majority of all pickle consumption可推断，大部分泡菜被用作三明治的配菜。C篇（交通）本文是议论文。文章建议立法者通过禁止司机使用手持电话的提案。29. B。篇章结构题。由下文的in the Legislature's Transportation Committee last week opposing aproposal可推断，划线词指代立法者。作者开篇幽默地挖苦立法者因为被手机干扰而没有做出正确的决断。30. C。细节理解题。由第三段中的unless the driver is typing or reading a text message, he can't bepunished可知，在缅因州司机开车时读短信属于分心驾驶，会被惩罚。31. D。细节理解题。由第七段末的Both devices, researchers say, require the same amount of mentalfocus to use可知，这项研究表明使用免提装置和手持电话所需要的精力差不多。32. D。写作目的题。由第一段末的to ban the use of hand-held cellphones by drivers及最后一段末的They should take a step thisyear可推断，作者写作此文是为了建议缅因州通过关于司机使用手持电话的禁令。D篇（社会）本文是说明文。南极企鹅邮局的工作吸引了很多申请者。33. C。细节理解题。由第二段中的taking care of the 70,000 cards posted each year可知。34. C。细节理解题。由第三段中的One reason for the increase in applications ... was the airing ofthe documentary Penguin Post Office可知，纪录片的播放是申请者增多的原因之一。35. D。推理判断题。由第五段末的Above all, successful candidates need to be passionate about theAntarctic可推断，这项工作最重要的条件是申请者要对南极有强烈的热爱。七选五：话题：科普知识本文是说明文。文章解释了挠痒痒会越挠越痒的原因。36. A。A项与上文的Got anitch?相呼应，并且下文的Scratchingan itch can make it worse与A项是因果关系。37. C。C项与上文的causes amild sensation of pain及下文的Yet pain signals that travel to your brain relieve the itching onlytemporarily相呼应。38. D。根据第一段末的serotonin, which makes the itching more intense及此空前的serotonin ... moving frompain-sensing nerve cells to those that influence itch intensity可推断，挠痒痒的结果是使血清素从有痛感的神经细胞转移到影响痒的强度的神经细胞，从而使人感觉更痒。故D项正确。39. E。E项与下文的Notexactly, says Chen. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. It is involved in growth,aging, and mood regulation. Blocking serotonin would ... 相呼应。40. B。B项与上文的Theresearchers are looking for other ways to break the cycle so they can helppeople with itchy conditions. One possibility ... 相呼应。完形填空：话题：个人情况本文是记叙文。文章讲述了一位巡警救牧羊犬的故事。41. A。由上文的rescued a German shepherd可推断，此处是说Ague扛着一只“狗（dog）”。42. C。由下文的Amazing people still do exist可推断，Ague救狗的照片获得了很多“赞赏的（admiring）”评论。43. C。由上文的posted to Facebook可推断，该评论是脸谱网的一位使用者“写（wrote）”的。44. D。由下文的involved in the crash可知，附近发生了一起交通“事故（accident）”。45. D。事故中的两只狗从“现场（scene）”逃走了。46. B。由倒数第五段中的She ran two miles from the crash可知，有人看到一只德国牧羊犬在“跑（running）”。47. A。从当时的位置来看，巡警可以“确定（tell）”狗朝西跑了。48. B。由第一段中的patrol officer可知，Ague的同事也是“警察（officers）”。49. C。巡警们让狗停下来，“但是（but）”每次巡逻车一停下狗就跑开了。50. A。由下文的Mya ... stopped running及倒数第三段末的to her owner's car可推断，巡警们给狗的“主人（owner）”打了电话。51. C。主人到了以后，狗“终于（finally）”不跑了。52. D。由上文的the dog wouldn't move at all可推断，Ague意识到狗“有毛病了（wrong）”。53. C。由下文的the skin on her feet was hanging off可推断，狗的脚受伤了，不“能（could）”动了。54. B。“由于（due to）”狗跑得太远，结果脚受伤了。55. D。意识到狗不能动后，Ague想到的“唯一（only）”能做的事就是把狗扛起来。56. A。由上文的pick her up可知。57. B。由第二段中的Nick Ague carrying the ... 可知。58. A。由上文的Mya's feet were already healed可推断，现在狗可以“正常地（normally）”走动了。59. D。由Ague救狗的事例可以推断他是一个狂热的动物“爱好者（lover）”。60. C。事故之后，Ague一心只想着“救（saving）”狗。语法填空：61. amazing。考查形容词。设空处作表语，意为“令人惊异的”，故填amazing。62. where。考查关系词。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词setting，且在从句中作地点状语，故填where。63. At。考查介词。at present是固定搭配，意为“目前，现在”。64. are decorated。考查时态和语态。teahouses与decorate之间是被动关系，且由at present可知，此处用一般现在时，故填are decorated。65. performance。考查名词。由设空处前面的不定冠词可知，此处应填名词performance。66. what。考查连接词。设空处引导主语从句且在从句中作宾语，故填what。67. speaking。考查非谓语动词。generally speaking意为“一般来说”。68. totally。考查副词。设空处修饰形容词different，故填副词totally。69. a。考查冠词。as a matter of fact是固定搭配， 意为“事实上”。70. to talk。考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式短语表示目的。
小琳子雄霸天下
Managementand Organisation BehaviourPeople always pay attention to their work, company should be bettermotivate employees to make positive contribution, it is an important role ofmanagement. Motivation mainly refers to the psychological processes stimulatehuman motivation. In other words, motivation is the set of forces thatinitiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish agoal (McWilliams,A & Williams C2014 ). Reinforcement theory says thatbehaviour is a function of its consequences, that behaviours followed bypositive consequences will occur more frequently and that behaviours followedby negative consequences, will occur le ss frequently (McWilliams,A &Williams C2014 ). Reinforcement theory has two parts: reinforcementcontingencies and schedules of reinforcement. Reinforcement contingency is thecause-and-effect relationship between the performance of a specific behaviourand a specific consequence(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014). There are fourreinforcement contingencies: positive reinforcement、negative reinforcement、 punishment and extinction. Thisessay will introduce the four reinforcement contingencies, explain the advantages and disadvantages of thefour reinforcement contingencies. And refers to an example of Losada and Heaphy(2004) to show how reinforcement theory works and how it can be used tomotivate. Positive reinforcement that strengthensbehaviour by following behaviours with desirable consequences(McWilliams,A& Williams C2014). Which simply means, thepositive reinforcement is to reward those who meet the organizational goals, sothat these behaviours are further strengthened thus conducive to therealization of the organization’s goal. Positive reinforcement always occurs onthe workplace. For example: when a person is rewarded to encourage behaviours,the person will feel happy, at the same time, the behaviour of this person willincrease both in terms of reaction strength and speed. So that we can see thebehaviour will bring some results, these results will also affect our nextstep. Positive reinforcement occurs when the result of the action leads us toan increase in the probability of that behaviour. In positive reinforcement,the behaviour of the result is positive which can motivate people to work andget reward. For example, an employee who is praised for his work report ofspecific type will continue to direct his energies toward that report in thefuture(Scott et. al, 1988 ). Positive reinforcement is common in the workplace.Managers may encourage or reward for completing a project task in a timely, andthe employee deal with customer well, he will get up position when challengescome up. A good example of Losada and Heaphy (2004), though study Losada andHeaphy (2004) shows that the ratio of high performance team is 5.614, moderateperformance team is 1.855 and low performance team is 0.363. In other words,this study found that management teams were most successful when theircommunication consisted of approximately 85 percent positive comments and 15percent negative comments (Losada and Heaphy 2004). The findings of thisresearch shows that the advantage of positive reinforcement is can improveemployees’ performance. If employees are guided by positive reinforcement inthe workplace, they can suffer from much more stress and they will perform forlonger periods. Positive reinforcement helps managers builds relationships withemployees, communicates with them and through builds confidence to motivate andcoaches them to achieve organizational goals. Positive reinforcement willcreate a more pleasurable experience at work. At the same time also to avoidthe negatives effects associated with punishment or negative reinforcement, forexample: dismay, anger and depression. And the disadvantages of positivereinforcement is not always good. Too much positive reinforcement will lead tofatigue state because of the too much praise, which reduces the lowerperformance. On the contrary, negative reinforcement isnot always bad. Negative reinforcement always confused with punishment.Negative reinforcement is reinforcement that strengthens behaviour bywithholding on unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specificbehaviour (McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Negative reinforcement also knowns as avoidance learning (McWilliams,A& Williams C2014). Like positivereinforcement, the condition of the negative reinforcement is to stop or avoidthe behaviour of the result or to increase the frequency of these actions bythe withdrawal or weakening of the original negative stimuli or conditions.Negative reinforcement methods include revocation of criticism, punishment,degradation and so on, sometimes to restore the bonus is also a negativereinforcement. Negative reinforcement is to strengthen the specific behaviourby experiencing the results of the negative state. Negative reinforcement isoften used in education or enterprises. For example: some enterprises in theperformance feedback process, let those with poor performance staff check theirdeficiency on the meeting, this is actually a kind of punishment, those peoplenot come to power the negative reinforcement; some enterprises make higherperformance staff to share their successful experience on the meeting, to givereward, this is positive reinforcement, and those without people came to powerby the negative punishment. The negative punishment provides the direction ofthe efforts of the staff. In some context, a behaviour might be seen aspositive whereas in some other it might be categorized ad negative(Miguel 2001,p.99). Study Losada and Heaphy (2004), these authors communicate with 60 teamsthrough positive or negative. the result showed there are 15 percent negativecomments(Losada and Heaphy 2004). It is evidencing that the relationship betweenpositive and negative behaviour are very important. Therefore, we can see thatwhether commercial or non-commercial organization to a great extent, it isrecommended to use positive reinforcement. the advantages of negativereinforcement that can increase behaviour and provides compliance to minimumsstandards of performance(Joyce Bruce 1972). And the disadvantages of negativereinforcement that only produces enough to meet minimums. People experiencingnegative reinforcement will only work as hand as they have to in order to avoidthe consequences; does not encourage their manimum effort. By contrast, punishment is not like negativereinforcement. Punishment reinforcement that weakens behaviour by followingbehaviours with undesirable consequences(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014 ). Punishment occurs in oneof two possible way: somthing undesirable can be applied to the unwantedbehaviour or something desirable can be withdrawn(Villere& Hertman 1991,p.28). Toyota is a good example, this is a recall on quality issues, we can sawa decade low in sales and market share decline for the first time in years, andfor the first time in 5o years. Because this kind of situation, Toyota of theCOE and other top management will be deducted 10% of wages, and to confiscatetheir bonuses(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Punishement is often used in education. Theadvantages of punishment that it helps to deter. Punishment can help to makethe students seriously their studies, also help to keep students under control.It will make very stubborn child obedience to authority, because they fear thatif they do not the right thing, they might be beaten. And punishment has moredisadvantages, for instance: it can sometimes backfire, it sometimes makechildren not longer afraid. Punishment in the student’s mind will produce aserious fear, it is easy to make theme drop out of school. And human rightsgroups and advocate want to consider the world’s children’s physicalpunishment, which they believe is a form of child abuse. Extinction is a reinforcement strategy inwhich a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previouslyreinforced behaviour, thus weakening the behaviour(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014). An extensive review ofthe literature by Hamner(1983) on motivation indicates that the most productivereinforcement programmers use a maximum amount of positive reinforcement and aminimum amount of punishment(Villere & Hartman 1991, p.28). Through removethe positive consequence, extinction weakens the behaviour, making it lesslikely to occur(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Based on positive reinforcement ideas, when acompany performed well, most companies will give the company leaders andmanagers a lot of financial in return(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014 ). Based on the idea of extinction, you would thenexpect that leaders and managers would not be rewarded when companies performpoorly(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). The advantage of extinction that is effectively reduce behaviour. Thedisadvantage of extinction that it may take a while for extinction to have aneffect.
