明渠英文

Hydropower station buildingHydropower station is generating using water resources, is water, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics.The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a formη by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head.Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms.Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using.The way -- formed head hydropower development mode.A, dam type hydropower stationIn river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station.(a) hydropower dam type characteristic(1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m.(2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing.(3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded.Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions.(2) hydropower dam type of form1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any)- general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built.For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below.-- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem;- building height depends on the discretion of the head.-- quote large flow, head low.-- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc.2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power)-- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam.- general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river.-- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance.- such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station.The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen.Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now)In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conduct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station.Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above.(2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer.(3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low.Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel)(2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel)Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets.1. No pressure water type power stationWater diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how) copyMain buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont du gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conduit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals.2. Have pressure water type power stationThe building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how)Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conduit, factory, and ash水电站建筑物 水电站是利用水能资源发电的场所，是水、机、电的综合体。其中为了实现水力发电，用来控制水流的建筑物称为水电站建筑物。本篇主要讨论水电站引水系统的布置、结构设计和水力计算；水电站厂区枢纽的布置设计和结构特点。 水电站的基本开发方式及其布置形式由N = 9.81ηQH可知，要发电必须有流量和水头，关键是形成水头。要充分利用河流的水能资源，首先要使水电站的上、下游形成一定的落差，构成发电水头。因此就开发河流水能的水电站而言，按其集中水头的方式不同分为坝式、引水式和混合式三种基本方式。抽水蓄能电站和潮汐电站也是水能利用的重要型式。形成水头方式——水电站的开发方式。一、坝式水电站在河流峡谷处拦河筑坝，坝前雍水，在坝址处形成集中落差，这种开发方式为坝式开发。在坝址处引取上游水库中水流，通过设在水电站厂房内的水轮机，发电后将尾水引至下游原河道，上下游的水位差即是水电站所获取的水头。用坝集中水头的水电站称为坝式水电站。(一) 坝式水电站特点(1) 坝式水电站的水头取决于坝高。目前坝式水电站的最大水头不超过300m。 (2) 坝式水电站的引用流量较大，电站的规模也大，水能利用较充分。(由于筑坝，上游形成的水库，可以用来调节流量）目前世界上装机容量超过2 000MW的巨型水电站大都是坝式水电站。此外坝式水电站水库的综合利用效益高，可同时满足防洪、发电、供水等兴利要求。(3) 坝式水电站的投资大，工期长。原因：工程规模大，水库造成的淹没范围大，迁移人口多。适用：河道坡降较缓，流量较大，并有筑坝建库的条件。(二) 坝式水电站的形式1．河床式电站(power station in river channel)—— 一般修建在河道中下游河道纵坡平缓的河段上，为避免大量淹没，建低坝或闸。—— 适用水头：大中型：25米以下，小型：8~10米以下。——厂房和挡水坝并排建在河床中，共同挡水，故厂房也有抗滑稳定问题；——厂房高度取决于水头的高低。——引用流量大、水头低。——主要包括：挡水坝、泄水坝、厂房、船闸、鱼道等。2．坝后式水电站(power staion at dam toe)——当水头较大时，厂房本身抵抗不了水的推力，将厂房移到坝后，由大坝挡水。——坝后式水电站一般修建在河流的中上游。——库容较大，调节性能好。——如为土坝，可修建河岸式电站。——举世瞩目的三峡水电站就是坝后式水电站，其装机容量为18 200MW。二、引水式水电站(diversion type power station)在河流坡降陡的河段上筑一低坝(或无坝)取水，通过人工修建的引水道(渠道、隧洞、管道)引水到河段下游，集中落差，再经压力管道引水到水轮机进行发电。用引水道集中水头的电站称为引水式水电站。特点：(1) 水头相对较高，目前最大水头已达2000米以上。(2) 引用流量较小，没有水库调节径流，水量利用率较低，综合利用价值较差。(3) 电站库容很小，基本无水库淹没损失，工程量较小，单位造价较低。类型：(1) 无压引水式(free flow)：引水道是无压的(如明渠)(2) 有压引水式(pressure flow)：引水道是有压的(压力隧洞)适用条件： 适合河道坡降较陡，流量较小的山区性河段。1． 无压引水式电站 引水建筑物是无压的：明渠(open channel)、无压隧洞(free flow tunnel)主要建筑物：低坝，进水口，沉沙池，引水渠(洞)，日调节池，压力前池，压力水管，厂房，尾水渠。2．有压引水式电站 引水建筑物是有压的：压力隧洞(pressure tunnel) 主要建筑物：低坝，引水隧洞(有压)，调压室，压力水管，厂房，尾水渠

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给排水正确发音：【jǐ pái shuǐ】英文：water supply and drainage日文：给排水（きゅうはいすい）给排水：是指给水系统和排水系统的简称 。 给水工程 为居民和厂、矿、运输企业供应生活、生产用水的工程。由给水水源、取水构筑物、输水道、给水处理厂和给水管网组成，具有取集和输送原水、改善水质的作用。①给水水源。有地表水、地下水和再用水。地表水主要指江河、湖泊、水库和海洋的水，水量充沛，是城市和工厂用水的主要水源，但水质易受环境污染；地下水水质洁净，水温稳定，是良好的饮用水水源；再用水是工业用水的重复使用或循环使用，先进国家的工业用水中约60％～80％是再用水。② 取水构筑物。 有地表水取水构筑物和地下水取水构筑物之分。前者是从江河、湖泊、水库、海洋等地表水取水的设备，一般包括取水头部、进水管、集水井和水泵房；后者是从地下含水层取集表层渗透水、潜水、承压水和泉水等地下水的构筑物，有管井、大口井、辐射井、渗渠、泉室等类型，其提水设备为深井泵或深井潜水泵。③输水道。从远距离水源输水到用水地点的整个输水系统，包括管道、明渠、暗渠和桥梁、隧道等。④给水处理厂。将原水进行处理以达到用水水质要求的工厂，有时称自来水厂或水厂，由泵房、化学剂投加设备、水处理构筑物、储存成品水的清水池及化验室等建筑物组成。⑤给水管网。向用户输水和配水的管道系统，由管道、配件和附属设施组成。管道常用铸铁管、钢管和预应力混凝土管。配件有闸阀、排气阀和排水阀等。附属设备有调节构筑物（水塔、水池）和给水泵站。排水工程 排除人类生活污水和生产中的各种废水、多余的地面水的工程。由排水管系（或沟道）、废水处理厂和最终处理设施组成。通常还包括抽升设施（如排水泵站） 。① 排水管系。收集和输送废水（污水）的管网，有合流管系和分流管系。合流管系只有一个排水系统，雨水和污水用同一管道排输。分流管系有两个排水系统：雨水系统收集雨水和冷却水等污染程度很低、不经过处理直接排入水体的工业废水，其管道称雨水管道；污水系统收集生活污水及需要处理后才能排入水体的工业废水，其管道称污水管道。②废水处理厂。包括沉淀池、沉沙池、曝气池、生物滤池、澄清池等设施及泵站、化验室、污泥脱水机房、修理工厂等建筑，废水处理的一般目标是去除悬浮物和改善耗氧性，有时还进行消毒和进一步处理。③最终处理设施。视不同的排水对象设有水泵或其他提水机械，将经过处理厂处理满足规定的排放要求的废水，排入水体或排放在土地上。

补充更正一下楼上的：给排水是前苏联的叫法~一直沿用到现在~但英文里为：英文:Water and waste water Engineering不只包括给水工程和排水工程~还有建水~中水~大部分院校还要学习暖通空调专业和环境专业的相关知识~

Hydropower station building Hydropower station is generating using water resources, is water, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics. The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a form η by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head. Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms. Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using. The way -- formed head hydropower development mode. A, dam type hydropower station In river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station. (a) hydropower dam type characteristic (1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m. (2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing. (3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded. Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions. (2) hydropower dam type of form 1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any) - general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built. For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below. -- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem; - building height depends on the discretion of the head. -- quote large flow, head low. -- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc. 2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power) -- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam. - general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river. -- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance. - such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station. The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen. Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now) In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conduct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station. Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above. (2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer. (3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low. Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel) (2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel) Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets. 1. No pressure water type power station Water diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how) copy Main buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont du gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conduit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals. 2. Have pressure water type power station The building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how) Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conduit, factory, and ash