壁虎荡秋千
一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… (4) it ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. 二．宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如： I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： nxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month.. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。） 三．表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四．同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 五定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。 一、 限定性定语从句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.四．关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上 翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上 A．做宾语时可省略 B。可用that C．可用who代替whom A．不可省 B。不用that C。不用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.非限制性定语从句举例：(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
小葡萄蛋蛋123
条件状语从句条件状语从句就是用以表示“假设条件下会。。。”常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导条件状语从句分真实条件句和非真实条件句真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won”t go on a picnic.非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.
一个胖子0528
条件状语从句条件状语从句：表示条件或要求性质的状语从句 例句： 1）I can lend you the bike on condition that you return it on time我可以把自行车借给你，但条件是你必须限期归还(on condition that you return it on time是条件状语从句) 2）You'll fail if you don't work hard如果你不努力就会失败(if you don't work hard是条件状语从句) 引导词有：if,unless,so(as)long as,on condition that(只要）等连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。. if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.典型例题You will be late ___ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or 答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late. 引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如: If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。 另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如: If I were you, I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。 I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.如果没有堵车,我会到的早一点儿。 那么,除了if之外,是否还有其他连词也可以引导条件状语从句呢?回答是肯定的,不仅有,还有很多。这些词由于出现的频率较小,且用法较复杂一些,所以不如if为大家所熟知罢了。下面就这些词的用法以例句的形式进行一下简单总结。 1. unless conj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候 You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。 Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。 2. on condition(that)...在……条件下,如果 on condition (that)...引导的条件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。 I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.我可以告诉你真相,条件是你答应保守秘密。 You can go swimming on condition (that) you don't go too far from the river bank.你只有在不远离河岸的条件下才可以下水游泳。 3. supposing conj.如果,假如 supposing引导的条件从句表示一种假设条件。 Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?倘若下雨,我们的运动会还要继续举行吗? Supposing something should go wrong, what would you do then?假如出了什么问题,你准备怎么对付? 4. provided conj.假如,除非,以……为条件 provided (that) +从句表示一种假设条件。 He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms.如果我们提出更优惠的条件,他就会在合同上签字。 He won't be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in advance.如果我们提前征求一下他的意见,他就不会在会上反对我们。 从上述例句可以看出if, unless, on condition (that), supposing, provided等词引导的条件状语从句,主从句条件关系分明,结构清晰。但有些句子,虽没有含条件关系的连词,却也隐含着条件关系,这些句子常用一些词,如but for, without等引出一个介词结构来表示条件,条件常常是虚拟的,或与事实相反的假设。如: but for若非,要不是 But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey.要不是下雨,我们的旅行肯定会很愉快。 But for your help,we should not have finished in time.要不是你帮忙,我们肯定不能及时完成任务。1）表语从句 1.定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2.构成：关联词+简单句 3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类： （1）从属连词that.如： The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 （2）从属连词whether，as，as if.如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us.问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago，but it’s as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be，seem，look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。 （3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接副词 where，when，how，why. 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1.连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much.我想这是因为你做得太多。 2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we （should）start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 2）主语从句 1.定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2.构成：关联词+简单句 3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类： （1）从属连词that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 （2）从属连词whether.如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。 （3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接副词 where，when，how，why.如： What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone.这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome.不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home —— my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。 解释： 1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A.It+be+形容词（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B.It+be+名词词组（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that从句。如： It’s a pity that we can’t go.很遗憾我们不能去。 It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 C.It+be+过去分词（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that从句。如： It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 D.It+seem，happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如： It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.Alice似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。 E.It+doesn’t matter（makes no difference，etc.）+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如： It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。 F.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？ 他们明天不来很要紧吗？ G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet！ 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 2.注意连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever等引导主语从句的含义。 Whoever comes will be welcome.（whoever=the person who）来的人将受到欢迎。 Whatever he did was right.（whatever=the thing that）他所做的事情是正确的。 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.（whichever=anyone of you who）你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖 3）宾语从句 1.定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 2.构成：关联词+简单句。 3.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： （1）从属连词that.如： He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。 I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。 注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。 1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。） 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。 2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。） 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。 3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。） 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 4.We decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。） 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。 （2）从属连词if/whether.如： I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。 I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否帮助我。 （3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接副词 where，when，how，why. 如： Who or what he was，Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。 I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。 （1）介词宾语从句 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。 I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 有时介词可以省略。如： I don’t care （for）who marries him.我不管谁跟他结婚。 Be careful （as to）how you do that.你要注意做这件事的方式。 解释： 1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。 2.作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你的。 介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如： Are you sorry for what you’ve done？ 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？ 3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，连词that可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。 I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。 Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。 4.连词whether （…or not）或if引导的宾语从句 if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如： I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。 用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter.试比较： Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。 5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如： I don’t think you are right.我认为你错了。 I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。 I don’t suppose he cares，does he？ 我想他不在意，是吗？ 6.宾语从句的时态变化规律： （1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 （2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。 4）同位语从句 1.定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。 2.用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，关联词多用从属连词that.如： They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come？ 你在哪儿听说我不能来？ Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。 注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如： I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。 连接代词who，which，what和连接副词where，when，why，how亦可引导同位语从句。 The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。 We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 解释： 1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别 that引导的同位语从句 that引导的定语从句 句法功能上 that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。 意义上 从句是被修饰名词的内容。 从句起限定作用，是定语 如：The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.（同位语从句，that不可省。） 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。 The news （that）he told me yesterday is true.（定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。） 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。 2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如： This is our only request that this （should）be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。 （6）不定式的构成 1.不定式的构成 不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。 不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）： 主动式 to do 被动式 to be done 完成式to have done /to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 1）不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如： They invited us to go there this summer.他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。 He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一边让我通过。 2）不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如： She seemed to have heard about this matter.她似乎已听说过这件事。 I meant to have told you about it，but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。 3）不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如： It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.你真好，这些天一直帮我们。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.他假装在认真地听老师讲课。 4）不定式的完成进行式 如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如： They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。 We are happy to have been helping each other these days.我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。 5）动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如： Try not to be late again next time.尽量下次不要再迟到。 He wished us never to meet her again.他希望我们永远不要再见到她。 6）疑问词+动词不定式： 不定式和疑问词whether，what，which，whom，where，when，how，why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell，know，show，decide，learn，wonder，explain，advise，teach，discuss，find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如： On hearing the news，he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。 When to hold the meeting has not decided.什么时候开会还没有决定。 介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如： Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。 I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道该怎么做。
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在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。 以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 各种从句： I. 定语从句。 1） 先行词是名词。 2） 定语从句跟在名词后。是修饰名词的。 3） 与中文顺序相反。 4） 定语从句的组成是：连词+主+谓+宾。 5） 连词在从句里可以作主语、宾语、状语等。 6） 当先行词的名词表示人时，后面的连词用who+v/(whom)+s+v/whose+N+s+v. 当先行词的名词表示物时，后面的连词用which/that ,whose. 7） 连词前可以有介词。 8） 不许用what 1. All the people who work on a newspaper must be able to work fast. 2. Corn is a useful plant which can be eaten by both people and animals. 3. I have a friend whose cousin is a tennis player. 4. The boy lived in a part of town where there were no schools. 5. During the hurricane, one of the tree branches broke the bed in which the girl had been sleeping. II. 名词从句。起名词作用。=名词 1. 主语从句。 1） 在主语位置上。 2） 组成：连词+主语+谓语+宾语 3） 连词不可省 4） 不许用if When we’ll go to school is still a question. 2. 宾语从句。 1） 在宾语位置上。在动词后。 2） 组成：（连词）+主语+谓语+宾语 3）连词可省 The doctor asked the patient what he had had for lunch. 3. 表语从句。 1） 在表语位置上。在系/be动词后。 2） 组成：连词+主语+谓语+宾语 3）连词不可省 4）不许用if He lost his key. The reason is that he was too careless. 4. 同位语从句。 1） 在名词后。说明名词的内容。 2） 组成：名词+[连词+主语+谓语+宾语] 3）连词不可省 4) 只用that, when, where, why。不用which. 5) 只有一些词才用。请看Unit17. The news that our team won the game made us happy. III. 状语从句。连词+主语+谓语+宾语 1. 时间状语从句。 When I was away, my son looked after the dog. 2. 地点状语从句。 Put the book where it is. 3. 原因状语从句。 He was late, because he didn’t catch the bus. 4. 条件状语从句。 If it’s fine, we’ll go to the park. 5. 让步状语从句。 Although I’m tired, I’m very happy. 6. 目的状语从句。 We got up early so that we could get there on time. 7. 结果状语从句. I was so frightened that I couldn’t say a word.
