英语江苏卷for

B     Sometimes it's hard to let go 放手 . For many British people, that can apply to 应用于 institutions and objects that represent their country's past — age-old 古老的 castles,  splendid华丽的  homes ... and red phone boxes 红色电话亭 .     Beaten first by the march of （the march of sth ...的稳步发展）  technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场) , the phone boxes representative of（be representative of sth/sb 典型的;有代表性的）  an age are now making something of a comeback 再度流行 . Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops, or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).     The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect 建筑师  of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.     About that time, Tony Inglis' engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell them out （sell out 售空） . But Inglis ended up（end up doing sth 以...结束） buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls 听到召唤  to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings 历史性建筑 .     As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed（repurpose v. 为适应新用途对...稍加修改）  phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them . Today, they are once again 再一次 a familiar sight 熟悉的场景 , playing roles 扮演角色  that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.     In rural areas在农村地区, where ambulances救护车 can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on 承担 a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt 采用  them for 1 pound, and install安装  defibrillators to help in emergencies在紧急情况下 .     Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities 看到了商机. LoveFone, a company that advocates提倡  repairing cellphones rather than 而不是 abandoning them, opened a mini- workshop 车间 in a London phone box in 2016.     The tiny shops made economic sense 有经济意义 , according to 根据  Robert Kerr, a founder 创始人  of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue收益 a month and cost only about $400 to rent.     Inglis said phone boxes called to mind 使想起 an age when things were built to last. "I like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back," he said. （enjoy doing sth ） C     For those who can stomach （v. 能吃，吃得下）  it, working out（work out 运动,锻炼）  before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing  and physical activity .     Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health 整体健康状况 .     To find out, British scientists conducted a study 进行了一项研究. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue 脂肪组织.     Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed  that, in theory理论上 , should allow his body to rely mainly on 主要依靠  fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts , the men skipped breakfast 不吃早餐 , meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食) . On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.     Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.     Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences 巨大的差异 . Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of 在...的开始  their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result 结果 , they burned more fat 燃烧更多的脂肪   during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand 在另一方面 , they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average 平均 , during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.     But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found.（强调句式） Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether 取决于是否  someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with 与...相联系  improved metabolic health 代谢健康 . These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.     The implication应用 of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first. D     I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village偏远乡村 . We did not speak the local language 说本地话 , did not know the customs, and more often than not 常常 , did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign 陌生的 .     We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water自来水 or electricity . It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.     Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer 踢足球. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goalkeeper 记分员 , Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way 平静地 , "In your home, do you have a moon too?" I was surprised.     After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to 与... 非常相似  his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan's world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous 令人惊讶的 . Anything was possible.     In our society 在我们的社会, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.至少看上去是如此。     Yet, as I thought about思考 Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out 不考虑 . I am, in part 某种程度上 , an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about了解 insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown . How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me 一直困扰着我.     I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkeys, new spiders..., and on and on 不停地  they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: a new cave system discovered with dozens of 许多  nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did, I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but the life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started the third drawer for these big discoveries . It fills more slowly, but all the same 依旧 , it fills.     In在做...的过程中  looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant, occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries . Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽) , and at the risk of the ridicule 嘲笑 of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.     We are repeatedly willing to （be willing to do sth 愿意做某事） imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to （used to do sth 过去常做某事） think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物) and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up 出现, more often than not , we do not even know its name.

If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen dissolved in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and abent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death. 如果潜水员浮出水面太快，他可能会得减压病（bend，原意为弯曲）。溶解在血液里的氮气因为气压下降而突然释放，如果气泡聚积在关节部位，就会剧痛，直不起腰——减压病因此得名；如果气泡形成于肺部或者大脑，可能导致死亡。 Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends. 其他呼吸空气的动物如果浮出水面太快也会得减压病：例如鲸鱼。很久以前，鱼龙也是如此。从这些古代海洋动物的骨骼可以看出它们得过减压病。如果氮气气泡形成于骨骼内，就会切断血液供应。这会杀死骨细胞，弱化骨骼，有时甚至发生断裂。因此存在塌陷骨骼的化石是这种动物曾经得过减压病的标志。 Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knewall this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. 勘萨斯大学的布鲁斯·罗斯柴尔德在开始对鱼龙骨骼研究时发现这一问题在过去非常普遍。他特别想知道鱼龙在1.5亿年里如何适应减压。为此，他和同事们参观了世界自然历史博物馆，观察了三叠纪、侏罗纪晚期和白垩纪的数百条鱼龙。 When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen showed evidence of that sort of injury. 刚开始他认为得减压病的标志在较新的化石中会更为少见，这反映了它们在适应减压问题上的逐渐演化。然而，他惊讶地发现情况恰恰相反。超过15%的侏罗纪和白垩纪鱼龙在死亡前得过减压病，但三叠纪的标本却没有证据表明有过这种伤害。 If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change. 如果鱼龙真的进化出一种对抗减压的方式，显然进化如此之快——但最奇怪的是，它们后来失去了这种能力。罗斯柴尔德博士认为情况并非如此，他怀疑是其他动物的进化导致了这种变化。 Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result. 得减压病的鲸鱼经常快速浮出水面，它们是为了躲避捕食者，比如大型鲨鱼。侏罗纪海洋的特征之一是拥有大量的大型鲨鱼和鳄鱼，它们都喜欢以鱼龙作为午餐。而幸运的是，三叠纪的海洋没有鲨鱼和鳄鱼。在三叠纪，鱼龙是食物链的顶端。在侏罗纪和白垩纪，它们是猎物，也是捕食者，因此经常不得不迅速离开。