库尔尼郭娃
(学术性论文摘要就要用学术英语和科技英语方式来翻译,而不是简单的逐字逐句对译)翻译如下:人类从古代开始,历经中世纪、文艺复兴以至到19世纪中叶,对心理的探索和研究,都是处于一种无明确的研究目的、目标,无明确的研究思想、方法的混沌状态下自发的或不自觉地进行的,夹杂在对哲学和神学的研究中。The exploration and research on psychology, emerging from the study of philosophy and theology, spontaneously or unconsciously, has been in a condition of ignorance, involving neither definite purposes and objectives, nor clear academic thoughts and methods, over a long period of time, since the ancient times, through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, up to the mid-nineteenth century.随着对心理的研究的深入,直到后来建立心理学学科,心理学的巨大作用才逐渐显现出来. 如今,心理学对社会,特别是商业领域、政治领域,做出的不可忽略的贡献。People didn't see the great achievements of this science, until the development finally built up a special subject of psychology and studied further and deeper. In the present age, psychology has made a major and indelible contribution to our society, especially in commercial and political domains.
藤原惠津子
12CrMoV 一种合金结构钢12CrMoV,是一种合金结构钢。中文名12CrMoV碳 C0.08-0.15硅 Si0.17-0.37锰 Mn0.40-0.70目录1 简介▪ 化学成分▪ 力学性能2 主要特性3 应用举例4 热处理规范5 一般规格简介12CrMoV,统一数字代号:A31122 执行标准:GB/T 3077-2015合金结构钢。钢号“12CrMoV合金钢管”和“12Cr1MoV合金钢管”,前者铬含量为0.4-0.6%,后者为0.9-1.2%,其余成分全部相同。化学成分(质量分数)(%)硫 S :允许残余含量≤0.035磷 P :允许残余含量≤0.035铬 Cr:0.30~0.60镍 Ni:允许残余含量≤0.030铜 Cu:允许残余含量≤0.030钒 V :0.15-0.30钼 Mo:0.25-0.35力学性能试样毛坯尺寸(mm):30热处理:第一次淬火加热温度(℃):970;冷却剂:空第二次淬火加热温度(℃):-回火加热温度(℃):750;冷却剂:空抗拉强度 σb (MPa):≥440(45)屈服强度 σs (MPa):≥225(23)伸长率 δ5 (%):≥22断面收缩率 ψ (%):≥50冲击功 Akv (J):≥78冲击韧性值 αkv (J/cm2):≥98(10)布氏硬度(HBS100/3000)(退火或高温回火状态):≤241交货状态:以热处理(正火、退火或高温回火)或不热处理状态交货,交货状态应在合同中注明。主要特性这是一种珠光体型耐热钢,在高温长期使用时具有高的组织稳定性和热强性,热处理时过热敏感性低,无回火脆性倾向;钢在冷变形时塑性高,可切削性尚好;焊接性一般,但壁厚零件需预热到200~300℃,焊后需要进行除应力处理。这种钢通常在高温正火及高温回火状态下使用,使用温度在-40~560℃。应用举例此钢主要在汽轮机中用作蒸汽参数达540℃的主汽管道、转向导叶环、汽轮机隔板、隔板外环以及管壁温度 ≤570℃的各种过热器管、导管和相应的锻件。热处理规范热处理规范:淬火970℃,空冷;回火750℃,空冷。一般规格12CrMoV|Φ20 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ30 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ40 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ50 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ60 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ70 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ80 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ90 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ100 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ110 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ120 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ150 (轧材)12CrMoV|Φ160(轧材)
憨丶小包
12CrMoV属于国标珠光体型耐热钢,执行标准:GB/T 3077-2015
12CrMoV在高温长期使用时具有高的组织稳定性和热强性,热处理时过热敏感性低,无回火脆性倾向;钢在冷变形时塑性高,可切削性尚好;焊接性一般,但壁厚零件需预热到200~300℃,焊后需要进行除应力处理。这种钢通常在高温正火及高温回火状态下使用,使用温度在-40~560℃。
12CrMoV化学成分如下图:
在高温下具有较高的强度和良好的化学稳定性的 合金钢 。它包括抗氧化钢(或称高温不起皮钢)和热强钢两类。抗氧化钢一般要求较好的 化学稳定性 ,但承受的载荷较低。热强钢则要求较高的高温强度和相应的抗氧化性。耐热钢常用于制造锅炉、汽轮机、动力机械、工业炉和航空、石油化工等工业部门中在高温下工作的零 部件 。这些部件除要求高温强度和抗高温氧化腐蚀外,根据用途不同还要求有足够的 韧性 、良好的可加工性和焊接性,以及一定的组织稳定性。此外,还发展出一些新的低铬镍抗氧化钢种 。
Jacksperoll
学科a branch of learning; a course; a subject; a discipline; a school study; an academic subject; a scienceChinese语文English英语Japanese日语mathematics数学science理科gymnastics体育history历史algebra代数geometry几何geography地理biology生物chemistry化学biochemistry生物化学physics物理physical geography地球物理literature文学sociology社会学linguistics语言学psycology心理学philosophy哲学engineering工程学mechanical engineering机械工程学electronic engineering电子工程学medicine医学social science社会科学agriculture农学astronomy天文学economics经济学politics政治学comercial science商学biochemistry生物化学anthropology人类学languistics语言学accounting会计学law, jurisprdence法学banking银行学metallurgy冶金学finance财政学mass-communication大众传播学journalism新闻学atomic energy原子能学
湘剑狠皖
chinese语文english英语math数学chemistry化学physics物理economics经济business商务accounting会计biology生物 music英语art美术physical education体育
爱生活的哒哒
Since ancient times, through mediaval times, Renaissance up to the middle of 19th century, mankind's exploration and research of psychology had been included in the fields of religions and philosophy and done in a spontaneous state with no specific goals and research methods.With the development of psychology and the establishment of psychology as a branch of learning, the huge effect of psychology gradually emerges. Recently, psychology has made great contribution to society , especially in business and politics.
爱玩的小猪2007
楼上很明显机器翻译嘛还一点都没改Mankind began from ancient times, went thorugh Middle Ages, the Renaissance and then to the middle of 19 century. The exploration and research of psycology are spontaneous and unconsciously which in a no specific purpose, goal ,research idea and method state, including the study of philosophical and theological.With the developing research of psychology,until later psychology discipline is established, A great important role of psychology appeared gradually. Nowadays, psychology contributes to society, especially in commercial,political fields, the contribution of psychology is significant,which cannot be neglected.