英语诗歌诗体样式

西方十四行诗诗体(Sonnet)，中文音译为“商籁体”，发源于意大利，该国著名诗人彼特拉克(Francesco Petrach 1304一1374)集其大成。此种诗体流行于十四至十六世纪文艺复兴时期的欧洲大陆，它于十六世纪中叶传人英国，成为英国现代诗坛的重要诗体，十四行语句整齐、短小精悍、格律严谨，富音乐效果。十四行诗(Sonnet)的格律主要包含行数、韵脚、音节、音调、结构等。现将其内容及三种诗体的演化，一一作简略介绍。 一、行数。Sonnet要求有十四行，每行不一定是完整的句子。有时为了韵脚的需要，把意思连贯的一句分成两行，但每行词数不一定要相同。二、结构。Sonnet一般分为前后两个部份。不同诗体前后两部份的行数不同。彼体由两节四行诗(共8行)和两节三行诗(共6行)组成。斯体、莎体由三节四行诗(共12行)和一节二行诗(共2行)组成，形成起承转合的趋势。极端的有雪莱所作的十四行诗，由四节三行诗(共12行)和一节2行诗组成。三、韵及韵脚。是十四行诗体的难点和特点之一，十四行诗根据不同的诗体：彼体4-5个，斯体6个，莎体7个，英语词汇一般由多音节组成。韵指的是每行最后一个词的最后一个音节，按规定要相同的叫押韵，各体前后两部份韵脚的安排是：彼体abba. abba. cdedcd (4韵)或者cde cde (5韵)，属抱韵；斯体属套韵，abab bcbC cdcd ee，最后两句是对偶句；莎体属双形体，abab cdcd efef ggo四、轻重晋捂配。中国律诗绝句，每句诗中要求平仄相间，使音调抑扬顿挫，铿锵有声，具音乐感，十四行诗虽不要求每行诗词数相同，但要求同样的音步，每个音步有一轻一重两个音节，斯体、莎体要求每行五个音步，十个音节；彼体要求十一个音节。供参考。

A poem starts with a thought, an idea, or an emotion felt from the heart. Poems can be happy, or sad, deep-thinking or off the wall, humorous, or even maudlin. The choice is up to you and your imagination as to what you will create. The only other tools you will need is paper and a pencil. You might keep a rhyming dictionary on hand, along with a thesaurus and a regular dictionary to help you out. Your first step is to write down that idea or thought that you have and want to turn into a poem. Next, we are going to turn that thought into a free verse poem. There are two different types of poems, and they are structured and free verse. One example of a structured poem is a limerick. Free verse is much easier to write as there are no steadfast rules to writing them. Some free verse doesn't even have any rhymes or meters to them. Meter is defined as a rhythm in verses, or a pattern of syllables. So, now, rewrite your thoughts into lines. Don't worry about spelling or punctuation at this point in time, just change your thoughts to lines. Don't worry about how long or short each line is either. Now is the time to look at your lines and remember that the poem should have a beginning, a middle, and an end, just like a story, a book, and a movie has. You may need to add more information in order to turn your thoughts into a start, a middle, and a finish. Keep in mind that these parts need not be "written in stone", so to speak. The words of a poem are pliable while they are in the creation stages. They are to be molded and changed until you find the exactly right words you need to complete a line or stanza. Reread your poem several times and listen to the words and to the rhythm of each line. Now is the time to shorten or lengthen each line in order to create a smooth-sounding poem. Even though it is a free verse poem, you can choose to make each line rhyme with the next line if you want to. If you do, you can use the rhyming dictionary to aid you in finding the appropriate words. Now go back and reread your poem again. Check for proper punctuation as well as for the proper spelling of each word. Think up an appropriate title for your poem. It would be a good idea to set your poem aside for awhile and then return to it later. Then, reread it again with a fresh mind and make any necessary changes. If you decide to continue writing poetry, it would be a good idea to investigate some books about creating poetry, and to attend some local workshops. Check out the available recources on the Internet as well as what is available at your local public library.

英文诗歌也有节奏.英文没有平声、仄声之分,但有重读轻读音节之分,其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的.某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot）,最常见的音步类型有以下四种： （一） 抑扬格（二）扬抑格（三） 抑抑扬格（四） 扬抑抑格英文诗歌中的音步类型有十几种之多,常见者即此四种,第一种则最常见.此外诗句中也常有抑抑格（pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出现. 需要说明的是,这些音步类型只是理论上的分析,实际上,一首诗仅用一种音步类型写,这种情况极少见,大多是以某一种为主,同时穿插其他类型.如果一首诗只含有一种音步,就会显得非常单调机械.一首诗只要是以某种类型为主的,尽管有其他类型穿插其中,也称此诗为某某格.如,以抑扬格为主要节奏写成的,就称此诗为抑扬格诗.现代兴起的一些自由诗（FREE VERSE）,不受这些格律的限制.

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