当代高级英语语法

一：非谓语：（1）形式有三种：动词不定式，动名词，分词。动词不定式相当于名词，形容词，副词，可做主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，状语（即谓语以外的所有句子成分）；动名词相当于名词，可做主语，宾语，表语，定语；分词相当于形容词，副词，可做宾补，表语，定语，状语；（2）语态：若逻辑主语是动作的发出者，则用主动；若逻辑主语是动作的承受者，则用被动；若逻辑主语既不是动作的发出者也不是承受者，则：动词不定式用独立结构 动名词用复合结构 分词用独立主格结构举例：A）动词不定式作主语：To finish my homework is my job. 宾语：I want to have a wise brain. 宾补：I want you to attend the meeting. 表语：You job is to earn money. 定语：He is to go to college. 状语：I get up early in order to recite the poem. 独立结构：To tell you the turth,I am a student.注意：1:有些宾语的不定式有自己的补语，则应用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置，如：I think it important to study English well. 2:不定式一般不做介词的宾语，除在极少数介词后才行（如but,except），此时动词不定式可带to也可不带to，如：He seldom comes except (to)see my daughter. B)动名词做主语：Reading is my habbit. 宾语：The old need looking after. 表语：I am reading. 定语：He was looking the hanging picture. 复合结构：Alan's illness accounts for his coming late for school.注意：1：一些特殊句式，如It is no good(no use,fun,a wast of time)+doing There is no.....+doing 2:动名词复合结构的一般规则是：逻辑主语是有生命的名词，作主语时，须用名词的所有格形式或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，可用普通格或人称代词宾格。 C）：分词作宾补：I mind your somking. 表语：The news is encouraging./The glass is broken. 定语：This is a reading room./The book written by him is interesting. 状语：Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful.二：虚拟语气：A):在条件从句中： 1):表示与事实相反 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 表示现在情况 if+主语+did should/would/could/might+do 表示过去情况 if+主语+had done should/would/could/might+have done 表示将来情况 if+主语+were to do should/would/could/might+do if+主语+should do if+主语+did 2):在省略if的条件从句中，从句有were,should,had时，可省略if，而把它们置于主语之前，如：If I had had time, I would have made an appointment with you.变成Had I have time,I would have an appointment with you. 3):介词without引导的短语可用来代替if引导的虚拟条件从句，如:If there were no water,fish couldn't live.可由Without water,fish couldn't live.来代替。 4）：错综时间的条件从句，主句和从句的谓语动词要依照设定的时间而定。如：If you had studied hard at that time,you would do it easily now.B);在宾语从句中1）：在一些表示“坚持，命令，要求，建议”的词（如insist,command,order,require,request,desire,demand,advise,suggest,propose)后面接的宾语从句用should do,should可省略。2):wish引导的宾语从句有三种情况： 1，现在：用过去式； 2，过去：用过去完成时； 3，将来：用（would/could)+do。3）：在would rather引导的宾语从句中当从句表示现在或将来的时间时，谓语动词用一般过去式；表示过去的时间时，谓语动词要用过去完成时。C）：在主语从句中 在句型“It is strange/necessary/natural/important/right/pity/sorry+that......”中，that后面从句的谓语动词用：should do。注意：有些过去分词可以当形容词使用，在主语从句中要用虚拟语气，如It is ordered/commanded/required/advised/suggested that we/you /he/ she(should）+do .D)：在表语从句中主句的主语常是表示说话人的命令，要求，建议，愿望等的名词（如order,command,requirement,demand,advise,suggestion,wish,desire),表语从句的谓语动词用（should)+do.如:Our suggestion is that you (should）be there on time.E）：在同位语从句中同位语从句的先行词常是说话人愿望，建议，要求，命令等的名词。如：We put up with our suggestion that you (should) be there on time.F):在as if从句中1）：在as if从句中，常用虚拟语气，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式。2）：当不接虚拟语气时，表示可能或真实的情形。如：It looks as if it is going to rain.3）：虚拟语气中的几个特例1，if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊;真希望……；只要，只要……就好了，如:If only I could fly.2，It's(high)time that……that从句要用虚拟语气：谓语动词用过去式或should do 。如：It's high time that we should go.3，一些短语，如：but for(要不是），without,otherwise（否则），in that case(如果那样的话），表示含蓄的条件，这是主句要用虚拟语气。如：Without your help,I couldn't finish it on time.三：倒装句A):完全倒装：谓语的全部放在主句之前。（此结构常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时）1)用在there be结构中，此外，在此结构中可用来代替be的动词有exist,seem,happen,appear,hve,rise,stand等。如：There are many students in my classroom.2):表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如now,then,here,there,up,down,in,away,out等置于句首时，为使生动地描述情景而采用倒装语序，谓语动词常用动语come,go,be,lie,run,rush等。如：Now comes your turn.注意：当代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。如:Here it is.3):当句首为表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。如：From the valley came a frightening sound.4):为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，表语置于句首时，倒装结构为：表语+连系动词+主语1，“形容词+连系动词+主语”如:Present at the meeting were my sister.2,“过去分词+连系动词+主语”如：Gone are the days when we were poor.3,“介词短语+be+主语”如：Among the goods are flowers and toys.B):部分倒装：只把系动词、助动词、情态动词放在主句之前。1):在疑问句中，如：Can you speak English?2):用于“never,hardly,seldom,scarely,rarely,barely,little,often,at no time(决不），by no means(绝不），under no circumstances(在任何一种情况下都不),in no case(绝不），in no way(决不）”等含有豆丁意义的副词或连词在句首的句型中。如:Little did he care about his own safety.3):用于“no sooner....than....,hardly.....when.....,和not until....,not only....but alsol....,neither....nor”的句型中，主句部分用部分倒装。如:Not until the children fell asleep did the mother leave the room.4):"only+状语"置于句首是要进行部分倒装，状语包括副词，介词短语和状语从句。如：Only then did he realise the importance of English.5):用于“so/such....that"句型，so/such置于句首时，要部分倒装。如：So fast did he run that I couldn't catch up with him.6):用于“形容词（或名词，动词）+as (though)"引导的让步状语从句中。如：Try as you would, you might fail again.Beautiful as she is,she isn't clever.Child as he is ,he knows a lot.7）：用于省略if 的条件状语从句中，把助动词were,had,should提到主语前面。