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一、动词的用法:
(一)动词的种类
动词是表示动作或状态的词,按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。
1.行为动词
行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi),及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语;不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,但后面不能直接跟宾语,如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。
如:
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2.连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如:
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3.助动词
助动词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征,助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如:
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4.情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如:
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? –No, you needn't .
a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时,指本身有能力的“能”;be able to用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而“能”。
b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”,只用于一般现在时和一般将来时;have/has to表示客观需要,意为“不得不”,它可用于各种时态。
c.need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。
(二)动词不定式
动词不定式 to do没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语,但可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语,又可以在句子中作宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、主语、表语等。但它毕竟是动词,因此,具有动词的许多特点,如它可以有自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。
1.作主语。 如:
To learn English is very important.
但实际上不定式作主语常用 it来作形式主语,而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。
如上句可表达为:
It's very important to learn English.
2.作表语。 如:
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3.作宾语。 如:
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4.作宾语补足语。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
如: The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
如: We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have这些使役动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带to的都须带上to。
如: In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.动词help接动词不定式作宾语补足语,可带to也可不带to。
如: Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5.作定语。
a.与被修饰词有动宾关系。如:I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式动词为不及物动词,后面的介词千万不要省略。
如: Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.与被修饰词有主谓关系。
如: Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.与被修饰之间只有修饰关系。
如: I have no time to play cards.
6.作状语,表示目的、原因、方法、方向、结果等。
如: I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7.不定式复合结构“for sb. to do sth” 作主语时,常用“It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth”的句式。形容词good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb. to do sth.”
其他形容词用 for。
如:
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8.动词不定式与疑问句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连用。
如: I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面结构相当于一个从句,故上述句子也可表达为:
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意:
a.有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式,只能接动词的-ing形式。
如: enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(错过),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如: The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些动词后可接不定式,也可接动词的-ing形式,但意思不同。
如: Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(该寄但还没做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已经寄过信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
二、形容词的用法:形容词是指用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词,表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。一般放在它所修饰的名词前作定语,也可独立作表语或宾语补足语等。
i. 作定语:This is an interesting story. Kitty is a clever cat.
ii. 作表语:Yao Ming is very tall. Our classroom is big and bright.
iii. 作宾语补足语:Don't make your hands dirty. We're trying to make our school beautiful.
注意:
a. 有些形容词只能作表语。如:alone, afraid, asleep等。
如: That old man feels alone because his children are out. I'm afraid he can't come.
b. 形容词与不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等连用时,要放在这些词后面。
如: There is something wrong with my DVD machine. It's nothing serious.
c. 某些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,其作用相当于一个名词。
如: the young(年轻人),the poor(穷人), the rich(富人)
d. 如果有两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时,其前后排列顺序一般如下:限定词(a/the, this/some/her……)+数量词(先序数词后基数词)+观点+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+材料+名词。
如:a big old German computer
TracyJunli
1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词. 2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类, 分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb). 说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如: We are having a meeting.我们正在开会.(having是实义动词.) He has gone to New York.他已去纽约. (has是助动词.) 3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类, 分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.. 说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词.例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞.(sing在此用作不及物动词.) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲.(sing用作及物动词.) 4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类, 分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如: She sings very well. 她唱得很好.(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings.) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语.(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词. 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle). 5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类, 分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如: The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语.(contains是单字动词.) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典.(look up是短语动词.) The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人.(take care of是动词短语.) 6)动词有五种形态, 分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle). 系动词 系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况. 说明: 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如: He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了.(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况.) He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来.fell是实义动词,单独作谓语. 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher.他是一名教师.(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份.) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如: He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默. This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜. 3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如: He looks tired.他看起来很累. He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心. 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软. This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香. 5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run. 例如: He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了. She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了. 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,trun out,表达"证实","变成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假. The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难. His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了.(turn out表终止性结果)
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