超验主义英文

romanticism is a movement prevailing the 19th centure in Weasterm World in literature,art music and philosophy beginning as a reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs of neo-classicism.It was marked and is always marked by a story reaction .It returned to nature and plain humanity for material.Itbrought about a renewed interest in medieval literature.It was also marked by sympathy for poor people and thus a deep understanding toward common people.It was a movement expression of indivdual orignality and different poets realized their variety.A dream of golden age is established against stern realities .Imagination is the key point.超现实主义是美国文学的transcendentalism;Emerson said "What is popular called transcendentalism among us is idealism"relies on the intuition and the conscrience sponsored in American cheifly by Emerso ,it became a literary movement as well as philosophic conseption.naturelism is a literary trend prevailing in the second half of the 19th century in Europe,especially France and Germany. Naturalism is an attempt to achieve fidelity to nature by rejecting idealized protrayals of lices.In literature, it can be further defined as a technique of objective view of man or a mood with frankness and accuracy.According to naturalists writes, man is shaped by hehedity and environment, over which they cannot control. They tend to show "true-to-life'description without selection. They show man'struggling for survival.希望对你有帮助!

超验主义（英文：Transcendentalism，也叫“新英格兰超验主义”或者说“美国文艺复兴”）是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。它兴起于1830年代的新英格兰地区，其领导人是美国思想家、诗人拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生，经过不断发展成为美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动。超验主义强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性，具有强烈的批判精神。其社会目标是建立一个道德完满、真正民主自由的社会，表现了乌托邦式的理想色，其精神并成为美国文化中一个重要遗产。发展历史可视为神秘主义的一个分支，但不同传统的神秘主义者，不需要依赖正规的神职人员，也不一定依赖特定的仪式，也不需要法器和神坛等道具，就一般信徒可以直接进入出神的状态。这是因为宗教改革后，新教鼓励信徒自行和神沟通，进一步发展其灵性的话，就涉及新教特殊形式的神秘主义。核心观点主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影：“世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水”——爱默生语它强调万物本质上的统一，万物皆受“超灵”制约，而人类灵魂与“超灵”一致。这种对人之神圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑视外部的权威与传统，依赖自己的直接经验。关于超验主义的重要意义这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的“人性恶”、“命定论”等教条的束缚，为热情奔放，抒发个性的美国式文化奠定了基础。文学作品作为一场融欧洲与美国思想潮流于一体的思想运动，它催生了美国散文一系列经典之作：《自然》（Nature，1836）、《美国学者》（The American Scholar，1837）、《知识的自然历史》（Natural History of Intellect，1893）、《瓦尔登湖》（Waldon，or Life in the Woods，1854 梭罗著），等等。