地火燎原
need[ni:d]n.需要, 必需, 必需品, 要求, 贫困vt.需要modal v.必要, 必须needneedAHD:[n¶d] D.J.[ni8d]K.K.[nid]n.（名词）A lack of something required or desirable:需要：对想要或期望的事物的缺乏：crops in need of water; a need for affection.需要水的庄稼；对感情的需要Something required or wanted; a requisite:必需品：要求或需要的事物；需要物：Our needs are modest.我们的必需品是谦虚Necessity; obligation:必要；义务：There is no need for you to go.你没有必要去A condition of poverty or misfortune:贫困：贫穷或不幸的状况：The family is in dire need.这个家庭极为贫困v.（动词）need.ed， need.ing， needsaux.（助词）To be under the necessity of or the obligation to:必须要：必须要，有义务要：They need not come.他们不必来v.tr.（及物动词）To have need of; require:需要；想要：The family needs money.这个家庭需要钱v.intr.（不及物动词）To be in need or want.需要，想要To be necessary.有必要Middle English nede 中古英语 nede from Old English n¶¶d} [distress, necessity] 源自 古英语 n¶¶d} [穷困，贫困] need， necessity， exigency， requisiteThese nouns denote a condition in which something essential is required or wanted; they also refer to that which is required or wanted. 这些名词都指处于对必需品的要求和需求的一种状况；它们也指需要的或要求的东西。Need is the most general: Need 最普遍：There's no need to be concerned. 没必要担忧。She is serene and contented; 她很安详、平静；her emotional and spiritual needs are being met. 她感情和精神上的需要都得到了满足。Necessity more strongly than need suggests urgency, inevitability, or unavoidable obligation: Necessity 比need 更强， 用来指紧迫的、不可避免的或不可躲避的义务：“I think the necessity of being ready increases.—Look to it” (Abraham Lincoln). “我认为做好准备的 紧迫性增加了。——注意” （亚伯拉罕·林肯）。“The rehabilitation of the cabin became a necessity” (Bret Harte). “小屋的重新修建已是不可避免的了” （布雷特·哈特）。Exigency implies acute urgency, especially that arising from conditions or circumstances such as those of an emergency: Exigency 指非常紧迫，尤指产生于类似紧急事件的条件或环境：“No . . . more pernicious [doctrine] was ever invented . . . than that any of [the Constitution's] provisions can be suspended during any of the great exigencies of government” (David Davis) “没有…曾经创造的 能比在一次政府的危急关头对 条款的取消更为有害的” （大卫·戴维斯）。Requisite applies to something indispensable: Requisite 指不可缺少的事物：“a place where the three grand requisites of water, fuel and fodder were to be obtained” (James Fenimore Cooper).See also Synonyms at lack “三种主要必需品，水、燃料和草料都具备的地方” （吉姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀）参见同义词 lackDepending on the sense, the verb need behaves sometimes like an auxiliary verb (such as can or may ) and sometimes like a main verb (such as want or try ). When used as a main verb, need agrees with its subject, takes to before the verb following it, and combines with do in questions, negations, and certain other constructions: 根据语义，动词need 有时当作助动词来使用（如 can 或 may )， 有时象实义动词（如want 或 try )。 当用作实义动词时，need 和主语一致， 把to 放在其后面动词的前面， 在疑问句、否定句或某些特定的造句法上和do 连用： He needs to go. 他想走。Does he need to go so soon? 他这么快就要走吗? He doesn't need to go. 他不需要走。 When used as an auxiliary verb, need does not agree with its subject, does not take to before the verb following it, and does not combine with do : 当用作助动词时，need 不用和主语一致， 不用把to 放在其后动词的前面， 并且不用和do 连用： He needn't go. 他不必走。Need he go so soon? 他这么快就要走吗? The auxiliary forms of need are used primarily in present-tense questions, negations, and conditional clauses. They differ subtly in meaning from the main verb forms in that they always refer to an externally imposed obligation. Hence one might say You needn't (or less formally, don't need to ) fill out both forms, but where the sense of necessity is internal to the subject, only the main verb can be used: Need 的助动词形式主要用于现在时态的疑问句、否定句和条件句中。 它们在意思上和用作实义动词的形式有细微的区别，它们总指外部加强的压力。因此我们可以说你没必要 （或不太正规的 don't need to ) 填两份表格 ， 但是对于物体来说需要的意思是内在的，所以只能用实义动词：I don't need to (not needn't ) be told how to manage my own affairs. 我不需要（而不是 needn't ) 被告诉怎知管理自己的事情 。 Note also that the use of need as an auxiliary is often accompanied by a presupposition that the activity in question has in fact been performed. The boys needn't have spoken frankly implies that they did in fact speak frankly, whereas the sentence The boys did not need to speak frankly does not; only the latter could be followed by a clause like they conveyed their meanings by indirection. 还需注意need 用作助动词时经常伴随一个先决条件， 质问的动作事实上已经完成了。那些男孩们本来不需要坦诚相告的 意味着他们事实上已经坦率地说了， 然而这个句子男孩们不需要坦诚地说话 就没有这个意思； 只有后者可以在其后跟这样一个句子，如他们间接地表达他们的意思 need[ni:d]v.（否定形式略写为 needn't） （常与to连用）需要Plant needs water.植物需要水。He needed all his charm to persuade her that it was not his fault.他需要使出浑身解数来叫她相信那不是他的错。My shirt needs a button.我的衬衫需要一枚钮扣。She's on holiday; she needed a change from work.她正在度假,她需要放下工作改变一下生活。These six kitchens are all needed when the plane is full of passengers.这六个厨房在飞机载满旅客时都用得着。You didn't need to tell him the news; it just made him sad.你无需告诉他这一消息, 那只会使他悲哀。必须，不得不You needn't talk so loud.你不必这么大声讲话。Need you go so soon?你非得这么快就走吗？We need to work harder.我们必须更加努力工作。You needn't have told him the news; he knew it already.你不必再告诉他这个消息，他已经知道了。needn.缺乏；缺少；需要children's need for milk儿童需要牛奶The hungry children were in need of food.这些饥饿的孩子需要食物。责任；义务a need for taxes纳税的义务No need to go yet, it's still early.不必走，还早着呢。必需品Their need was fresh water.他们所必需的是淡水。贫穷；困难illness, need, and other troubles of the world疾病、贫困以及世界上其他的烦恼He is in great need.他穷得很。if need be如果需要If need be, I can come early tomorrow.如果需要的话，明天我可早来。need中古英语nede<古英语niedneedlackrequirewant
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补充：相关的中文你还可以参见下面的文章出自于(Lull 1990: 36) Uses and GratificationsOne influential tradition in media research is referred to as 'uses and gratifications' (occasionally 'needs and gratifications'). This approach focuses on why people use particular media rather than on content. In contrast to the concern of the 'media effects' tradition with 'what media do to people' (which assumes a homogeneous mass audience and a 'hypodermic' view of media), U & G can be seen as part of a broader trend amongst media researchers which is more concerned with 'what people do with media', allowing for a variety of responses and interpretations. However, some commentators have argued that gratifications could also be seen as effects: e.g. thrillers are likely to generate very similar responses amongst most viewers. And who could say that they never watch more TV than they had intended to? Watching TV helps to shape audience needs and expectations. U & G arose originally in the 1940s and underwent a revival in the 1970s amd 1980s. The approach springs from a functionalist paradigm in the social sciences. It presents the use of media in terms of the gratification of social or psychological needs of the individual (Blumler & Katz 1974). The mass media compete with other sources of gratification, but gratifications can be obtained from a medium's content (e.g. watching a specific programme), from familiarity with a genre within the medium (e.g. watching soap operas), from general exposure to the medium (e.g. watching TV), and from the social context in which it is used (e.g. watching TV with the family). U & G theorists argue that people's needs influence how they use and respond to a medium. Zillmann (cited by McQuail 1987: 236) has shown the influence of mood on media choice: boredom encourages the choice of exciting content and stress encourages a choice of relaxing content. The same TV programme may gratify different needs for different individuals. Different needs are associated with individual personalities, stages of maturation, backgrounds and social roles. Developmental factors seem to be related to some motives for purposeful viewing: e.g. Judith van Evra argues that young children may be particularly likely to watch TV in search of information and hence more susceptible to influence (Evra 1990: 177, 179). An empirical study in the U & G tradition might typically involve audience members completing a questionnaire about why they watch a TV programme. Denis McQuail offers (McQuail 1987: 73) the following typology of common reasons for media use: Information finding out about relevant events and conditions in immediate surroundings, society and the world seeking advice on practical matters or opinion and decision choices satisfying curiosity and general interest learning; self-education gaining a sense of security through knowledge Personal Identity finding reinforcement for personal valuesfinding models of behaviouridentifying with valued other (in the media) gaining insight into one's selfIntegration and Social Interaction gaining insight into circumstances of others; social empathyidentifying with others and gaining a sense of belongingfinding a basis for conversation and social interactionhaving a substitute for real-life companionshiphelping to carry out social rolesenabling one to connect with family, friends and societyEntertainment escaping, or being diverted, from problemsrelaxinggetting intrinsic cultural or aesthetic enjoymentfilling timeemotional releasesexual arousalBlumler & Katz (1974) argued that audience needs have social and psychological origins which generate certain expectations about the mass media, leading to differential patterns of media exposure which result in both the gratification of needs and in other (often unintended) consequences. This does assume an active audience making motivated choices. However, McQuail suggests that the dominant stance of recent researchers in this tradition is now that: Personal social circumstances and psychological dispositions together influence both... general habits of media use and also... beliefs and expectations about the benefits offered by the media, which shape... specific acts of media choice and consumption, followed by.... assessments of the value of the experience (with consequences for further media use) and, possibly... applications of benefits acquired in other areas of experience and social activity. (ibid: 235). James Lull (1990: 35-46) offers a typology of the social uses of television based on ethnographic research. Social Uses of Television Structural Environmental: background noise; companionship; entertainmentRegulative: punctuation of time and activity; talk patternsRelational Communication Facilitation: Experience illustration; common ground; conversational entrance; anxiety reduction; agenda for talk; value clarificationAffiliation/Avoidance: Physical, verbal contact/neglect; family solidarity; family relaxant; conflict reduction; relationhip maintenanceSocial Learning: Decision-making; behaviour modelling; problem-solving; value transmission; legitimization; information dissemination; substitute schoolingCompetence/Dominance: Role enactment; role reinforcement; substitute role portrayal; intellectual validation; authority exercise; gatekeeping; argument facilitation使用与满足One influential tradition in media research is referred to as 'uses and gratifications' (occasionally 'needs and gratifications').一个有影响力的传统媒体研究是被称为'用途和gratifications ' （偶尔需要和gratifications ' ） 。 This approach focuses on why people use particular media rather than on content.这种方法的重点是，为什么人们使用，尤其是媒体，而非内容。 In contrast to the concern of the 'media effects' tradition with 'what media do to people' (which assumes a homogeneous mass audience and a 'hypodermic' view of media), U & G can be seen as part of a broader trend amongst media researchers which is more concerned with 'what people do with media', allowing for a variety of responses and interpretations.在相反的关注， '媒体的影响， '传统'是什么媒体做的人』 （假定均匀大规模的观众和'皮下的看法，传媒等） ，美国＆ G的可以被看作是一个组成部分，更广泛的趋势，其中媒体研究人员，这是更关心'是什么人做的与媒体' ，让各种反应和解释。 However, some commentators have argued that gratifications could also be seen as effects: eg thrillers are likely to generate very similar responses amongst most viewers.然而，一些评论家认为， gratifications也可以被看作是影响，例如：惊栗可能产生非常相似的回应，其中大部分观众。 And who could say that they never watch more TV than they had intended to?和谁可以说，他们从来没有观赏更多电视比它们本来打算？ Watching TV helps to shape audience needs and expectations.看电视，有利于形成观众的需要和期望。 U & G arose originally in the 1940s and underwent a revival in the 1970s amd 1980s. ＆克原本出现在20世纪40年代和经历了复苏，在20世纪70年代AMD公司20世纪80年代。 The approach springs from a functionalist paradigm in the social sciences.办法泉水从功能范式在社会科学领域。 It presents the use of media in terms of the gratification of social or psychological needs of the individual (Blumler & Katz 1974).它提出了利用媒体而言，该欣慰的社会或心理的个别需要（卢姆勒＆卡茨1974年） 。 The mass media compete with other sources of gratification, but gratifications can be obtained from a medium's content (eg watching a specific programme), from familiarity with a genre within the medium (eg watching soap operas), from general exposure to the medium (eg watching TV), and from the social context in which it is used (eg watching TV with the family).传媒竞争与其他来源的欣慰，但gratifications可以得到从一个中等的内容（如观看了具体的方案） ，从熟悉的一个流派内部的媒介（如看肥皂剧） ，从一般接触到的媒介（如看电视） ，并从社会背景，在它的使用（例如，看电视，与家人） 。 U & G theorists argue that people's needs influence how they use and respond to a medium. ＆克理论家认为，人民的需要，影响他们如何使用，并回应一个中等。 Zillmann (cited by McQuail 1987: 236) has shown the influence of mood on media choice: boredom encourages the choice of exciting content and stress encourages a choice of relaxing content. zillmann （所列举的mcquail 1987年： 236 ）已表明，影响情绪，对媒体的选择：无聊鼓励的选择令人兴奋的内容，并强调鼓励选择放宽的内容。 The same TV programme may gratify different needs for different individuals.同样的电视节目可满足不同的需求，为不同的个人。 Different needs are associated with individual personalities, stages of maturation, backgrounds and social roles.不同的需要，相关的个别人士，成熟的阶段，背景和社会角色。 Developmental factors seem to be related to some motives for purposeful viewing: eg Judith van Evra argues that young children may be particularly likely to watch TV in search of information and hence more susceptible to influence (Evra 1990: 177, 179).发展的因素，似乎与一些有针对性的动机看，例如：朱迪思车evra认为，年幼儿童可能特别容易看电视，在搜索的信息，因而更容易受到影响（ evra 1990年： 177 ， 179 ） 。 An empirical study in the U & G tradition might typically involve audience members completing a questionnaire about why they watch a TV programme.实证研究在美国＆ G的传统，可能通常涉及观众成员完成一份问卷，为什么他们观看电视节目。 Denis McQuail offers (McQuail 1987: 73) the following typology of common reasons for media use:丹尼斯mcquail提供（ mcquail 1987 ： 73 ）以下的类型常见的原因是媒体的使用： Information 信息 finding out about relevant events and conditions in immediate surroundings, society and the world找出有关的事件和条件，在即时的环境，社会和世界 seeking advice on practical matters or opinion and decision choices寻求意见，就实际问题或意见，并决定选择 satisfying curiosity and general interest满足好奇心，和一般的兴趣 learning; self-education学习;自我教育 gaining a sense of security through knowledge获得了安全感，通过知识 Personal Identity 个人身份 finding reinforcement for personal values寻找加固个人价值观 finding models of behaviour寻找行为模式 identifying with valued other (in the media)确定与其他价值（在媒体上） gaining insight into one's self获得深入了解一个人的自我 Integration and Social Interaction 融合和社会的互动 gaining insight into circumstances of others; social empathy获得深入了解他人的情况下，社会同理心 identifying with others and gaining a sense of belonging确定与他人合作，并获得了归属感 finding a basis for conversation and social interaction找到一个基础会话和社会的互动 having a substitute for real-life companionship有一个替代现实生活中同伴 helping to carry out social roles帮助进行的社会角色 enabling one to connect with family, friends and society使一连接与家人，朋友和社会 Entertainment 娱乐 escaping, or being diverted, from problems逃走，或正在改，从问题 relaxing放宽 getting intrinsic cultural or aesthetic enjoyment获得内在的文化或审美的享受 filling time充填时间 emotional release情绪释放 sexual arousal性觉醒 Blumler & Katz (1974) argued that audience needs have social and psychological origins which generate certain expectations about the mass media, leading to differential patterns of media exposure which result in both the gratification of needs and in other (often unintended) consequences.卢姆勒＆卡兹（ 1974 ）认为，观众需要有社会和心理的起源产生一定的期望，关于大众传播媒介，导致微分模式，被媒体曝光，其中的结果，在双方满意的需要和在其他（往往是意想不到的）后果。 This does assume an active audience making motivated choices.这是否承担积极的观众，使动机的选择。 However, McQuail suggests that the dominant stance of recent researchers in this tradition is now that:不过， mcquail表明，占主导地位的立场，最近的研究人员在这方面的传统，是现在： Personal social circumstances and psychological dispositions together influence both...个人的社会环境和心理处置一起影响双方... general habits of media use and also...一般的习惯，媒体使用，也... beliefs and expectations about the benefits offered by the media, which shape...信念和期望的好处，所提供的媒体，形状... specific acts of media choice and consumption, followed by....具体的行为，媒体的选择和消费，其次是.... assessments of the value of the experience (with consequences for further media use) and, possibly...评估价值的经验（与后果作进一步媒体使用） ，可能... applications of benefits acquired in other areas of experience and social activity.申请获得的利益在其他方面的经验和社会活动。 (ibid: 235). （同上： 235 ） 。 James Lull (1990: 35-46) offers a typology of the social uses of television based on ethnographic research .詹姆斯平静（ 1990年： 35-46 ）提供了一个类型的社会利用电视的基础上的人种学研究 。 Social Uses of Television 社会利用电视 Structural 结构 Environmental : background noise; companionship; entertainment 环境 ：背景噪声;同伴;娱乐 Regulative : punctuation of time and activity; talk patterns 调控 ：标点符号的时间和活动;对话模式 Relational 关系 Communication Facilitation : Experience illustration; common ground; conversational entrance; anxiety reduction; agenda for talk; value clarification 通讯便利 ：经验说明;共同点;会话的入口;焦虑减少;议程谈;价值澄清 Affiliation/Avoidance : Physical, verbal contact/neglect; family solidarity; family relaxant; conflict reduction; relationhip maintenance 无党派人士/避税 ：物理，口头联络/忽视;家庭团结;家人松弛;减少冲突; relationhip维修 Social Learning : Decision-making; behaviour modelling; problem-solving; value transmission; legitimization; information dissemination; substitute schooling 社会学习 ：决策;行为建模;解决问题;价值传输;合法化;信息的传播;取代上学 Competence/Dominance : Role enactment; role reinforcement; substitute role portrayal; intellectual validation; authority exercise; gatekeeping; argument facilitation 竞争力/优势 ：角色制定;的作用，加固;替代的作用的写照;智力验证;管理局行使;评估;论点便利
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找到了。给你几个参考：1、使用与满足：use and gratification 2、大众传媒:公共领域的使用与满足The Public Media: Uses and Gratification in Public Sphere 3、 阐释哈贝马斯的公共领域结构转型及传播学的【使用与满足理论】,并结合当前收视率火爆的民生新闻现象,分析从文学公共领域到政治公共领域、大众传播公共领域的转变,论述大众文化对当代社会的影响及其对社会主义民主建设的重要意义。In combination with the recent phenomenon of high audience rating of civil news,this paper expounds Juergrn Habermas' theory of structure transformation of public sphere and 【the approach of uses and gratification】 in Mass-Communication,analyzes the transit of the public sphere from the literature to politics and mass communication,discusses the social influence of public culture and its signification of socialist democratic construction. 4、近年来,高校广播虽有较大发展,但也存在亟需解决的“瓶颈”。对此,按照【传播学“使用与满足”理论】分析高校广播的功能与优势特点,本着受众的需求,革新广播节目内容与表现形式,使之成为校园文化中不可缺少的重要组成部分。Although the college broadcasting in our country has been making much progress in recent years,there are still some critical problems that need to be solved.Based on 【the Theory of Use and Gratification】,this paper analyzes the roles and advantages of the college broadcasting,and suggests that some reforms be conducted on the programs and their forms so as to make it an indispensable part of the cultural life on campus. 5、当今社会大众媒介与消费主义正在走向共谋,引诱人们接受消费主义的意识形态,这其中电视又表现得尤为突出。电视作为一种把视觉与听觉结合在一起的全息媒介,其影响力不可小视。电视宣扬消费主义的两种主要手段是神话与涵化。考察电视与消费主义关系主要存在着三种理论范式,它们是【使用与满足理论】、传播政治经济学及文化研究。 As contemporary mass media combines tighter consumerism to lure the consumers’ ideology.The media T.V.displays priority.TV is a kind of holographic media with combination of visual and audition which is not overlooked.The two ways and means of publicity consumerism are myth and implication.There exist three theoretic modes to inspect TV and consumerism which are 【usage and satisfied theory】,broadcasting political economy and cultural research. 以上是我通过CNKI数据检索到的结果。最可信的是第5种。因为我正在写论文，使用的也是这个翻译。我又通过GOOGLE检索了一下，的确是这个！！
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