英语初中词法

一、冠词 a / an 的用法

a用于辅音音素前 a useful book, a university

an则用于元音音素前 an hour, an honest boy , an “A E F H I L M N O R S X”

二、定冠词the的用法：

1)特指双方都明白的人或物： Give me the book.

2)上文提到过的人或事： ---Do you know the lady in blue? –Yes, she is a teacher of a university.

3)指世上独一物二的事物the sun ( sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe )

4)单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; The lion is a wild animal.或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible

5)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very, same等前面：I live on the second floor.

6)用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.

7)用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前： She plays the piano violin guitar in the north of China

8)用在普通名词构成专有名词前： the People's Republic of China the United States the Great Wall the Summer Palace

9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.

10) in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),in the middle (of),in the end, all the time at the same time on the whole,by the way,go to the cinema at he age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first century on the other side of at the moment the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country)in the dark, in the rain

三、不用定冠词的情况

1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：China , Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋

2)物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词;当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

3)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词; Children’s Day Mother’s Day Father’s Day

4)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词; He is captain of the team.

5)在三餐、四季，球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast /supper / lunch，play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter

1. 被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be+过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：

1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时

例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2) has /have been done 现在完成时

例:All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时

例:A new cinema is being built here.

4) was/were done 一般过去时

例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5) had been done 过去完成时

例： By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6) was/were being done 过去进行时

例：A meeting was being held when I was there.

7) shall/will be done 一般将来时

例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8) should/would be done 过去将来时

例：The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)

例:The project will have been completed before July.

2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。

例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

1)will/shall+动词原形 shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。will not=won't shall not=shan't例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

Notice:be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)

5)现在进行时表将来时

下列动词的现在进行时表示将来时

go.come.fly.leave.start.begin.finish.end.arrive and so on.

she is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.

6)一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。

构词法 ：

英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。

1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly

3、转换法：

(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。

(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。

(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。

(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。

(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续)

名词：

1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：

1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。

专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)

姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。

2、普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.

不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。一盒牛奶：

3、名词所有格：

1、 名词所有格如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：

today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),

(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：

2、[注解]：

① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)

② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)

③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：

1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,

① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)

3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)

5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：

The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的'孩子(当时)就站在路边)

11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

5、部分名词用法辨析：

1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

代词：

1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。

2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。

主要是宾语从句和状语从句,如果说考的稍微难一些的话就是定语从句以及名词性从句,一般考的话后两者的难度不会很大.宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语,从句放在主句之后,前后不用逗号分开.宾语从句：引导宾语从句的词有：连词that(在口语中that常可省略),if,whether,如：He knows that Jim will work hard.连接代词who,whom,which等,如：Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?连接副词when,where,how,why等,如：Could you tell me how we can get to the station?3.whether和if都有“是否”的意思,一般情况下两者可以换用,但在介词之后,不定式之前,与or not连用,在句首或在引导表语从句,同位语从句时,只能用whether,如：I want to know if/whether the news is true.He doesn't know whether to stay or not?4.宾语从句要用陈述句语序.5.宾语从句一定要注意时态呼应,即：当主句谓语动词是过去式时,从句中谓语动词也要用过去范畴的时态,但若从句陈述的是真理或客观规律,其谓语的时态仍用一般现在时,如：He asked who could answer the question.My father told me that the earth goes around the sun.

初中语法汇总：8种时态、3种从句、2种语态。

一、八种时态：

1.一般现在时

表示平时经常的、习惯性的动作，描述平时所处的状态，表达平时存在的特征、有规律的状态等。

I drink water every day. 我每天都喝水。（习惯性动作）

2.现在进行时

表示正在发生的动作。经常用到的结构有be doing sth. 常和now, look, listen这些词连用。

She is dancing. 她正在跳舞。

3.一般过去时

由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不规则动词外)。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday ,yesterday morning (afternoon , evening) , in 1999 , two hours ago等等。

4.一般将来时

表示将来要发生的动作或计划。结构有主语+will+动词原形和主语+be going to do。

I will go to the zoo in this weekend. 这个周末我将要去动物园。

5.现在完成时

表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。

I have watched that movie. 我已经看过那部电影了。

6.过去进行时

表示过去某个时刻或时间段正在进行的事情或动作。结构是was/were+现在分词。

What was he doing at home last night? 昨天晚上他在家干什么？

7.过去将来时

表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。

He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。

8.过去完成时

表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，也就是“过去的过去”。主要结构是助动词 had +过去分词，had 通用于各种人称。

She had finished writing the report by 9：00 this morning. 今天早晨9点之前，她已经写完了报告。

二、三种从句

1.宾语从句

在复合句中，由一个句子充当宾语，这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句主要有三种类型，分别是that引导的宾语从句、if或whether引导的宾从、连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句。 常见的宾语从句引导词：that、if、whether、what、who、where、why和how。

2.定语从句

定语从句在中考和高考中出现的频率都非常高。在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。常见的关系代词包括that,which,who（宾格whom，所有格whose）,as 等，关系副词包括where,when,why等。

3.状语从句

状语从句就是由一个句子在复合句中充当状语。所以状语从句又可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句等等。每种状语从句都有特定的引导词：

地点状语从句：where,wherever

时间状语从句：when, while, as, before, until, till, since

原因状语从句：because, since,as, now that, not that…, but that…, seeing that, considering that, in that

目的状语从句：so, so that, in order that, that, to the end that, in case,for fear that,lest

结果状语从句：so...that, such that, so that, with the result that

条件状语从句：if,unless,if only,only if,in case,suppose/supposing(that),provided/providing(that),on condition that,so/as long as

方式状语从句：as, as if, as though

让步状语从句：though, although, as, even if, even though, whether, no matter whether...or, no matter with

比较状语从句：as...as, not as/so...as, than, the more...the more...

三、两种语态

在主动语态中，主语后面接人（be +动词原型），被动语态（be+动词过去分词）。在主动语态中，主语是谓语动词的使动方。在被动语态中，主语是谓语动词的受动方。学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。

拓展资料：

词法