火药英文作文

The four great inventionsPaper: paper is an important chemical processes, the invention of paper is Chinese in the spread of human culture and development make a valuable contribution, is China's chemical history of a major achievement.The paper also before, oracle bones, bamboo slips and silk silk is used for writing, the ancient recorded material. But due to the rapid development of the economy, culture, bones and bamboo can not meet the demand of development, thus contributing to the improvement of writing tools. At that time people began using small silk made of paper, as the ancient Chinese when paper by hemp thread and silk, and preparation method of rough paper, so the quality is not so good. But the hemp thread and silk has its own role, to use them as a raw material for paper-making, would be greatly restricted, and difficult to get rapid development, to meet the cultural life of the requirement to paper.In the new situation request, Cai Lun of Eastern Han Dynasty for the emergence of papermaking to bring new breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty," views on" 2 records:" Cai Lun, talented, dedicated to cautious, every vacation, closed to the guest, aeration body field. Code for the sale, made with bark and spacious cloth, net to make paper. Xing Yuan first year playing, the emperor can, since is not used, the salty called Cai Hou paper". From above, Cai Lun is using bark, rags, net of papermaking. Although before Cai Lun also has a paper, but raw material itself is very limited, and Cai Lun on the new raw materials, to solve this problem. Because the rag, broken fishnet had already finished their task, a waste and used as a raw material for papermaking industry, which plays an important role.Printing: is the working people in ancient China through long-term practice and research before the invention of. About the year before and after 600 years of Sui Dynasty, people from the engraved seal inspired, in the history of mankind's earliest invention of woodblock printing.Woodblock printing is in a certain thickness of the smooth wood, paste copy neat manuscript, thin and almost transparent paper front and wood paste, the word became the body, strokes clear. Engraving workers graver in the suites have writing section is cut away, is a convex embossed font, and font recessed beneath the different steles. When printing, on a raised fonts with ink, and then the paper covering on top of it, gently wipe away the paper back, writing remain on the paper. By the Song Dynasty, woodblock printing career development to the heyday. Woodblock printing on the spread of culture play an important role, but also has obvious disadvantages. The first version, time-consuming material costs, second, a large number of books stored inconveniently, third, is not easy to correct mistakes.The Northern Song Dynasty civilian inventor Bi Sheng invented movable-type printing, woodblock printing these drawbacks improvement. Bi Sheng's Dynasty of an ordinary civilian intellectuals, the person who. He summed up the block printing of rich experience in practice, after repeated tests, the emperor Renzong of evolution years (AD 10411048 ) made the moveable, execute typesetting printing, completed the printing history of a major revolution, about 200 years later, this technology spread to other countries, the development of world civilization process to promote the role of.Gunpowder: is one of the four great inventions of china. Gunpowder, as the name suggests is the ( fire medicine ). Its origins and alchemy are closely related, Bachelor in ancient alchemy alchemy inadvertently material.It is a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, carbon, and the top two in the Han Dynasty book into Chinese Materia Medica ( first classics of Shennong materia medica by ) have been listed as important medicinal herbs. Gunpowder itself is also come under the drug class, the Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen ( compendium of Materia Medica ) said, gunpowder can cure sore ringworm, insecticidal, provide moisture and plague. The invention of gunpowder is a long-term alchemy pharmaceutical practice results, has been one thousand years of history.The Tang Dynasty, gunpowder has been used for military. The Song Dynasty, the war continuously, promote the accelerated development of gunpowder weapons. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty established a powder mill, has made gunpowder arrow, artillery and other combustion properties mainly weapons and ( bang cannon ), ( lightning bombs ) and other explosive strong arms. The Southern Song Dynasty were created in 1259 to giant bamboo tube, built-in gunpowder ( sudden guns ). To the Yuan Dynasty and the emergence of bronze ( copper Fire Commission, known as the general). These are to gunpowder explosion as the driving force of arms, in the war revealed a hitherto unknown power.In 12, thirteenth Century, the gunpowder first introduced in Arabia state, and then spread to Greece and Europe and around the world. On the civilization and progress of human society, the economy and the development of science and culture, played a role in promoting. The law until the middle of the fourteenth Century, only then has the application of gunpowder and firearms records.Compass : the spring and Autumn period, Chinese working people in the mining, smelting, gradually recognized magnet. To the Warring States period, some people use magnets made apparatus to determine the direction, then called" compass", it is in a along the plate placed on a water scoop like magnet, water scoop handle end of South point. To the late Northern Song Dynasty ( Eleventh Century AD), the Chinese people have created artificial magnet, then created a" guide to the fish", the magnet." Fish" on the water surface, thus indicating the direction. Later, after repeated research and improvement, and the magnetic steel sheet into a small magnetic needle, and makes its tip into the magnetic north pole, end become the south magnetic pole, which became a compass. The Northern Song Dynasty, people create a suitable nautical compass, the maritime industry to a new era. During this period, China 's shipbuilding technology in the world the most advanced. At the beginning of the fourteenth Century, the compass was introduced into Europe from china.

The four inventions 四大发明1.gun powder 火药2.paper making 造纸术3.compass 指南针4.word printing 活字印刷术

China Ancient Four InventionsCompass, gunpowder, papermaking skill and typography, is China ancient four inventions, it is one of the signs that China become to the ancient civilized country, occupy the important position in the history of human civilization.1. CompassThe invention of the compass is the result of China ancient working people know to the object magnetism in the long-term practice. Because of productive labor, people have contacted the magnetic iron ore, have begun to know the magnetic knowledge. People have found the characteristic of the magnet pointing to direction. Through experiment and research in many ways, invented the Compass at last.The Compass give play to important function in the navigation after introducing to Europe.2. GunpowderThe gunpowder is made of niter, sulfur and charcoal three kinds of materials mixing. In Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, when China ancient immortality pills expert make immortality pills with niter, sulfur and charcoal, etc., get enlightenment from the phenomenon of exploding accidentally, and then through numerous practices, have found the prescription of the gunpowder. In the Period of Three Kingdoms, a clever technician Jun Ma, invented “firecrackers”, Open the precedent that make use of the gunpowder.In the Tang Dynasty, the gunpowder begins to be applied to the military affairs. People utilize the throwing stone machine, light the gunpowder bag and throw out, burn the enemy, this is the most primitive cannon. Later, people wrap up the globular gunpowder near the shaft head, light the line, then shoot with the bow to burn the enemy. During Song Dynasty, people filled the gunpowder in the thick bamboo tube, “an orientation stick behind the gunpowder, Light the line, cause the gunpowder burn in tube rapidly, fly to the enemy to explode. This is the first gunpowder rocket in the world. All these ones are firearm primitively. They are the ancestor of the modern arms.3. Papermaking skillThe invention of papermaking skill is China’s contribution to the civilization of the world.In Shang Dynasty more than 3500 years ago, there were characters carved on the tortoise-shell and beast’s bone in China, called the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells. In Chun and Qiu period, Substitute the tortoise-shell and beast’s bone with the bamboo slice and wood slice, is called the bamboo slip. The bamboo slip is very cumbersome. The palace nobles write on silks in the Western Han Dynasty. The silks are easy to write, but the price is expensive, so, just the Royal noble can use it. In the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 105), the papermaking skill inventor Lun Cai is on the basis of that forefathers weave silks experience, Have made into the vegetable fiber paper with bark, broken fishing network, rag, etc. raw materials. From then on, paper become to the material that generally write.4. TypographyThe typography is one of the most important four inventions in ancient China. The woodblock printing appear in Sui dynasty, it is that carve protruding Backward Chinese character on woodblock with knife, then brush Chinese ink-liquid, print on the paper. Print a kind of new book each time, the woodblock must be carved from the beginning, very slow. When carve woodblock if make mistakes, also carve one again, very bother.In Sung Dynasty, word worker Bi Sheng (A.D. 1004 —— 1048), Use the clay with viscidity, make into the rectangle cube, carve the single Chinese characters on it, burn it with the fire, form the font. Then according to the article content, arrange the word, put it in iron frame sample and make into a printing plate, and then heats and flattens on the fire, can print. Take the font off after printing, can use next time. The printing skill is named the typography.Though this printing method is primitive and simple, the same as modern typesetting and printing principle, the invention of typography makes the printing technology enter a new era.In a word, China ancient four inventions, has left behind a magnificent chapter in the history of human science and culture. These great inventions once influenced and benefited the whole world, had promoted the advancing of human history.

正在使用发音The formula of black powder is composed of sulfur, saltpetre and charcoal. Chemically, the three components are potassium nitrate (saltpetre), carbon (charcoal) and sulfur (sulfur 火药按化学角度来讲，组成三部分，木炭 硝酸钾 硫磺 火药是四大发明之一Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions几乎所有人都固定了一种配比——15份硝石，3份木炭和2份硫磺，这个配比到现代也一直在用，可谓“黄金比例”Almost everyone has fixed a ratio of 15 parts of saltpetre, 3 parts of charcoal and 2 parts of sulfur, which has been used in modern times. It can be called the "golden ratio"火药用途与领域婚庆 节假 烟花爆竹 军工方面 子弹 炮弹 Gunpowder use and field wedding holiday fireworks firecrackers military bullets

Gunpowder,also known since the late 19th century as black powder,was the first chemical explosive and the only one known until the mid-1800s. It is a mixture of sulfur,charcoal,and potassium nitrate (saltpeter)—with the sulfur and charcoal acting as fuels,while the saltpetre works as an oxidizer.Because of its burning properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates,gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as apyrotechnic composition in fireworks.