明示英语

按照Sperber和Wilson所说的那样，所有观众有权期待是没有足够的影响。不合道理的努力。因此，Sperber和Wilson提出的最佳关联的假设： a. 明示。足够的刺激是相关的，值得演说人的努力来加工。 b. 明示刺激是最相关的一个与沟通的能力和喜好兼容。 最佳关联，可实现努力构建足够的影响。关联理论，一个明示刺激有关最佳观众，如果：a. 这是足以有关值得观众的处理工作;b. 这是最相关之一，沟通能力和喜好兼容。太专业了 我也是蒙的烈害。 抱歉

either express or implied

明示或暗示

重点词汇

最常用的几种时态与时间状语的搭配一般过去时 yesterday(afternoon), last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now, today, this week etc.一般现在时 频度adv.every …,on/at/over weekends, once a week一般将来时 next year, tomorrow, in the future,before long etc.现在进行时 now,right now, at present,at this moment, these days过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, this time yesterday, from 9 to 10 last evening… when, while, then etc.现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past years, always, recently, before etc.过去完成时 by the time, until, when, after, since, (long) before etc.现在完成进行时 all this time, this week(month..), all night(the morning), recently,及since和 for引导的状语过去将来时 多用在间接引语中表示发生在谓语动作以后的动作一、一般现在时1.表示经常习惯的动作(频率词) It oftensnows here. He gets up at 6 every day.2.表示主语现在的特征或状态 He lovessports. We are in the same class.3.表示永恒不变的真理和事实或格言警句 Knowledgeis power. The sun rises in the east.特殊用法：1.按计划(时间表/时刻表/日程表)将要发生，句中有时有将来的时间状语，但不用将来时,要用一般现在时1.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026_A_ off at 8:20. (06四川)A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken2.The train _leaves_ at three this afternoon.2.状语从句“主将从现”…时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中用现在时表示将来 “主将从现” if/when/until/as soon as/though...一般现在时:表示将要发生的动作 现在完成时:表示将来已经完成的动作1.If their marketing plans succeed, they _A_their sales by 20 percent. (2008全国2)A. will increase B. have beenincreasingC. have increased D. would be increasing2.I _C_ leave at the end of this month. Really?I don’t think you should leave until you __ anotherjob. A. amgoing to, find B. will, will found C. amgoing to, have found D. will, hadfound二、一般过去时1.表在过去发生的和现在没有联系的动作或状态明示:yesterday, ago, last …, just now, in 1990暗示:when I was a little girl, when he put on his coat2.描述过去的情况言外之意:只有过去如此现在并非如此Edward, you play so well. But I __ youplayed the piano. (2009全国I) A.didn't know B. hadn't known （A） C. don'tknow D. haven't known三、一般将来时1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态I’ll return you the book next week. She’ll be twenty years old next year.2.表示一种倾向或习惯动作We’ll die without air or water. Whenever I’m in trouble, he’ll come tohelp me.表示将来时的六种形式 ①will/shall +动词原形（单纯的将来/说话时的临时决定） ②be going to do(客观计划) ③beabout to do(即将/马上要做某事) ④be to do(表示职责命令,相当于should/must;或表示“注定”)(可用于条件句中） ⑤be doing(瞬间动词用表将来) ⑥一般现在时(强调动作“列入日程”)1) be going to 表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事情，而will表示谈话时临时决定的意图，具有临时性和偶然性。—Kate is in hospital. （A） — Oh,really? I _______. ________ visit her. A.didn’t know; I’ll go and B.don’t know; I’ll go and C.don’t know; I’m going to D.didn’t know; I’m going to ---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday? （C） ---I_____, but I had an unexpected visitor. A.had B. would C. was going to D. did2) be going to 可用来表达某种迹象要发生的事。而will 不能表示 Look atthe clouds! It’s going to rain.3) beabout to do =be on the point of doing表示说话时就要发生的动作，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。 常构成句型： …be about to do …when…. when 并列连词 就在这时 I wasabout to leave when it rained.4). be to do 表示约定,计划≈be going to;职责、义务;命令、要求;可以；想要；不可避免,注定要发生的事等(过去式was/were to do) be to do 可用于条件从句中 The Queenis to visit Japan in a week’s time.(计划) You are toreport to the police.(要求) You arenot to make noises in the classroom.(命令) Suchpeople are to be found everywhere. (可以) If we areto be there before ten, we’ll have to go now.(想要) Thisdiscovery was to have a major effect on the treatment of heart disease.(注定要发生) You are toanswer for what you have done. .(注定要发生) Even ifthe sun were to rise in the west, I would never do such a thing. (虚拟条件句)5)某些瞬间动词“go,come, arrive ,leave ,start, begin, fly, take ”等用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。 I’ve wona holiday for two to Floria. I ______my mum. （A） A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have been6)一般现在时表示将来，特别用于车、船、飞机等时刻表中安排好的。The plane leavestomorrow.(尽管有tomorrow, 但没有will,be going to )四、现在进行时1.此刻正在进行的动作(look,listen, now) We arehaving an English lesson now.2.短期内持续的动作(当时不一定在进行) I’mpreparing for the test these months.3.与always,usually, all the time, forever, continually, constantly连用，表示某种情绪, You arealways forgetting the important things. Myteacher is forever criticizing us. My wifeis asking me for money all the time.特殊用法： 1. 现在进行时可以表示一般将来时，常用于下列动词：go ,come, leave, begin, arrive ,return, fly, drive，take等。 We’removing to the new building next week. 2. 表示“存在,所有,知觉,认识,感情”等状态的词一般不用于进行时态存在： keep ,stay , remain , be, consistof , contain所有： have ,belong to , possess, own ,hold知觉： sound(听起来), look /seem /appear (看起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来), see ,hear认识： understand, know, suppose,remember, admit, forget, believe, think情感： like, love, hate , prefer,3.表示委婉意义 某些动词，如hope，want，wonder等与进行时连用时，常探询式地表示一种愿望或态度。此用法在语言上显得含蓄、委婉，如果改用现在时，则显得不那么隐讳且稍欠礼貌。 I'm hoping to borrow some money.我希望借些钱。 I was wondering if you could help me. 不知道你能否帮助我。4.be有时可用于进行时，强调短暂的行为或表示“故意”；而一般现在时则表示永久的特征。You are not being modest. 你这样说不谦虚。You are not modest. 你不是一个虚心的人。 You arebeing stupid. 你在装糊涂/你这是一时糊涂。 You arestupid 你很糊涂。五、过去进行时1、在过去某一时间点/某一时间段正在进行的动作标志词：at that time / moment / at this time yesterday2、过去进行时(作背景)+一般过去时I __ along the street looking for a place to parkwhen the accident__.(06安徽) （C）A.went, was occurring B. went, occurredC. was going, occurred D.was going, had occurred六、现在完成时1.过去的动作对现在产生直接影响Why does the Lake smell terrible? Because largequantities of water __.(09福建) A. havepolluted B. is being polluted （D） C. hasbeen polluted D. have been polluted2.始于过去并持续到现在的动作(+时间段)标志词：since, so far, in the past years, in the recentyears:从过去到现在的几年---- __ David and Vicky __ married? ----For aboutthree years. (2003北京) （C） A. Howlong were…being B. How longhave…got C. Howlong have… been D. How longdid…getIt/This is the ... time that +现在完成时 It/This was the ... time that +过去完成时一般过去时可以和明确过去时间搭配 现在完成时不可以All morning as she waited for the medical reportfrom the doctor, her nervousness __ . (2003全国) （C） A. hasgrown B. is growing C.grew D. had grown Danny __ hard for long to realize his dream andnow he is popular. (2007福建)A.works B. is working （C） C. has worked D. worked七、过去完成时1 在过去之前发生的动作 “过去的过去”by the end of +过去时间/bethe time +从句(用一般过去时),其主句用过去完成时The film had already begun when I got there./Theyhad left before I returned./ We had finished the work by last month( by thetime he came.)2 表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态 I had beenat the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.3 用于hardly …when ;no sooner …than …（一…就…）等句子中 Hardlyhad we arrived when she started complaining.4 hope ,think, expect ,intend ,mean ,suppose,want ,imagine等用于过去完成,表示过去未实现的希望或意图 I hadhoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being found.5 用于对过去假设的虚拟语气中的从句If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephonedyou .八、现在完成进行1 在不用时间状语的情况下,现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行.而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束The students have been preparing for the exam. （还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。The students have prepared for the exam. （已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。2 有些表示状态,感情,感觉的静态动词,如:have, like, hate, hear,know, sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如： They’veknown each other since 1970. 自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。3 现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。如： We’ve been meeting each other quite a lot recently. 最近我们经常见面。九、过去将来1 主要表示从过去某时看将要发生动作或存在状态 I was sure that they would succeed. He said he was going to have a try.2 在时间和条件状语从句中，过去将来时可用一般过去时来代替He said he would drop in when he had time其他几种时态的替代问题一般现在时代替将来时：除了在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时外，表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时。如： The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)一般现在时代替完成时：句型 “It is … since…”代替“Ithas been … since …” It is(= has been) five years since we last met一般现在时代替进行时：在全部倒装句中都用一般现在时代替现在进行时。 Look,here comes Mr. Li.

根据Sperber 和Wilson所说，听众所能期待的都是徒劳无功的。所以，Sperber 和 Wilson提出了最佳相关的假设： (a）明示刺激具有足够的关联性, 值得听话人付出努力进行加工处理。(b) 明示刺激与说话人的能力和偏好相一致。最佳关联在充分努力没有白费的情况下可以实现。在关联理论中，所谓关联原则即每一个明示刺激都表明最佳关联如果:（a）它具有足够的关联性, 值得听话人付出努力进行加工处理。（b）它与说话人的能力和偏好相一致。

这是哪方面的啊？给我点时间行吗？我很有兴趣 呵呵