英语从句连词

连词的功能：连词分为“并列连词”和“从属连词”两大类。并列句中的连词称为并列连词；复合句（包括定语从句、名词从句和状语从句）中的连词统称为从属连词。一般来讲，连接两个分句需要一个连词，多一个分句则需多一个连词。缺少连词或多用连词往往是句法错误的主要原因。汉语中没有连词概念，所以对连词功能的掌握是学好英语句子的关键。状语从句连词：（一）时间状语从句：常见的从属连词有：when, while, since, as, before, after, until, till, as soon as, by the time, every time等。1、when的意思是“当…的时候”，由when引导的从句中的动词可以是延续性动词或非延续性动词。It’s much easier to make friends when you have similar interests. （2013安徽卷）〖常见句型〗（1）be about to do sth 或 be on the point of doing与when 连用；I was about to go to bed when he telephoned to invite me to tea. （2）had done 与when连用；I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel when I heard the steps. （3）was/were doing 与when 连用；Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park when she was bitten on the leg by al lion.（4）when it comes to sth, … 意为“当谈论到……”When it comes to repairing computers, I am a green hand. 〖特殊用法〗 when表示原因或条件的意义：How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen?Why do you apply for the position when you have had such a good one? 2、while的意思是“当……的时候”或“在（一段）时间里”，从句常表示一段时间的动作或状态，主句的动作一般在从句的动作发生的这一段时间里发生，while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。While he was studying in Zhejiang University, he studied very hard and gained much praise from his classmates and teachers. 3、since引导时间状语从句时的意思是“自从……”。主句中经常使用完成时态，表示从句的动作发生后一直在进行的动作。I have heard a lot of good things about you since I came back from abroad.（2013陕西卷）〖常见句型〗it is … since …That was really a splendid evening. It' s years since I enjoyed myself so much.4、as的意思是“当……的时候”，常可与when或while通用，但它较强调主句和从句的动作或事情同时发生。因此，常作“一面……一面……”解。Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as Father was away in France.as还可用来表示两个相互伴随着发展或变化的状态，其用法无法用其他词来代替，是常见考点。You will grow wiser as you grow older. 随着你年龄的增长, 你会变得更聪明。5、before和after表示主句动作和从句动作发生的先后顺序。You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason before you reach any decision.（2013湖南卷）He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation before it got worse.〖特殊用法〗（1）before还可以表示“与其…宁可”；He'd die of hunger before he would steal 他宁愿饿死也不愿偷窃。（2）before还可以表示“还没有来得及做……，就……”；Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up before I could answer the phone.（3）before还可以表示“……时间过去了之后才……”。He was told that it would be at least three more months before he could recover and return to work.〖常见句型〗It will be…before… 句型，意为“要过……时间之后才……”It may be five or six years before it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.6、until和till 的意思是“直到”，主句的谓语动词经常使用延续性动词，如果是非延续性动词，那么使用否定。A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners’ curiosity until/till he reaches the end of the story. I didn’t leave until my father came back. 〖常见句型〗（1）not until置于句首的倒装句；Not until my father came back did I leave. 我一直等到爸爸回来才离开。（2）It is not until … that…强调句型；It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 7、the moment, the minute, the instant等名词用作连词，意为“一……就……”；immediately, directly, instantly等副词用作连词，意为“一……就……”。as soon as 意为“一……就……”，强调一个动作发生时，另一个动作马上发生。The fans surrounded him the instant Jay came out of the gym after his wonderful performances.I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her. They phoned immediately they reached home. I will phone you as soon as I find the book that you need. 8、the first/second/last time, each time, every time, next time等表示“次数”的短语用作连词。Every time I met that strange gentleman, he would smile to me. Next time you come to my birthday party, please bring your daughter along. The first time I met Mr. Smith, he was doing shopping with his wife.9、by the time引导时间状语从句，表示“到……时候为止”，主句中常用过去完成时态；By the time he was 30, he had ever been to 23 countries.10、no sooner…than 或hardly/scarcely…when引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”，经常使用倒装句，主句的时态通常为过去完成时态。No sooner had I come back home than the door bell rang.I had no sooner come back home than the door bell rang.Hardly had he left for Shanghai when his secretary was lost at sea.（二）让步状语从句1、though/although（虽然）, even if/even though（即使）引导的让步状语从句：Though/Although it is small, the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries （2013天津卷）.He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son even if/though he wants to. (2013四川卷)2、as引导的让步从句必须把表语或状语提前，单数可数名词、带定冠词的名词或形容词最高级被提前之后，不能带有冠词。Child as /though he was, he knew a lot about the complex ceremony. Poor as he is, he lives a happy life. Much as I liked the CD, I didn’t buy it. 〖特殊用法〗有时，动词也可以提前，但是从句必须含有助动词或情态动词。Try as he might, he would fail again.3、whether…or…/no matter whether引导让步状语从句意为“不管……都”。Whether you play or watch TV, you mustn’t disturb me. No matter whether you are willing or not, you must finish the work before June. 4、while可以引导的让步状语从句，但必须位于句首，其意义相当于although：While I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.5、no matter what/who/when/where/how等引导让步状语从句，表示“不管…”，“无论…”：No matter what you do, you should do it well. One can always manage to do more things, no matter how full one’s schedule is in life. （2013辽宁卷） 6、whatever, whoever, whenever, however, wherever等引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter what, no matter who, no matter when等。Wherever you go, I will be right here waiting for you. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, however great it is. Whenever I have to give a speech, I get extremely nervous before I start. （2013山东卷）（三）地点状语从句1、where引导地点状语从句。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre The village has developed a lot where we learned farming two years ago.2、wherever引导地点状语从句。Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you. 我到什么地方，我都会想你。〖注意〗wherever多数情况下引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter where。〖注意〗地点状语从句和where引导的定语从句的区别在于后者带有先行词，而前者没有。Please make a mark where you have questions. 请在你有问题的地方作个记号。（mark并非先行词）Please go over the parts where you have questions. 请复习你有问题的部分。（parts是先行词）（四）比较状语从句1、than引导的比较状语从句，表示“比…更…”。It rains more often in Shanghai than (it does) in Beijing. We should think more of our motherland than (we do)of ourselves. We learn a foreign language much faster than we do our mother tongue2、as…as…或not as/so…as引导的比较状语从句，表示“和…（不）一样”。Our country is as big as the whole of Europe. He spends at least as much time watching TV as he does doing his lessons.3、“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构表示“越…越…”。The more you give to your son, the more he will ask for. The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him as much as I did4、A is to B what /as X is to Y 句型，表示A对于B来说就如X对于Y。Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。（五）条件状语从句 1、最常见的引导词if和unless引导条件状语从句：The WTO cannot live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.Unless we have enough evidence. we can't win the case.（2013重庆卷）〖注意〗unless是if 的否定式，即：unless＝if not。2、as/so long as 表示“只要”，as/so far as表示“就…而言”。As long as we are still alive, we should learn as much knowledge as possible. As/So far as I know, they live in the same neighborhood.3、on (the) condition that表示“在……条件下”。You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.4、once表示“一旦……”，含有条件和时间的意义。Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover.5、in case 引导条件状语从句表示“万一”，“假使”，“若”等含义。In case it rains, the sports meeting will be delayed. 万一下雨，运动会就要延时。〖注意〗该词组也可以引导目的状语从句，表示“以免”，注意区分。6、suppose或supposing表示“假如；假设”，经常用在疑问句中；Suppose/Supposing the lawyer can’t find out more proof, how will he deal with the case?7、provided (that), providing (that)表示“假若；倘若；”You may have the book provided (that) you won’t lend it to others.（六）目的状语从句 1、so that（以便）, in order that（为了），从句中常常使用情态动词，如：can, could, may, might等。Say it louder (so) that everyone can hear you.We'll sit nearer the front so（that）we can hear well.I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early in order that I can have time for a cup of tea.〖注意〗in order that引导的目的状语从句可以放在句首，而so that不可以。2、lest和for fear that均表示“以免、恐怕”。 Quietly the young father stepped into the bedroom for fear that he should wake his baby. I obeyed her lest she should be angry.3、in case 表示“以免、以防……”。I took my driving license with me on holiday, in case I wanted to hire a car.（2013北京卷）Leave your key with a neighbor in case you lock yourself out one day（七）结果状语从句 1、so…that 和 such…that 表示“（太）……以至于……”Pop music is such an important part of society that it has even influenced our language.His plan was so practical that we all agreed to accept it.〖注意〗当名词前有many, much, few, little (少) 修饰时，要用so, 不能用such。She ate so many sweets that she lost her appetite for the dinner. He has so few friends that he often feels lonely. I had so little courage then that I didn’t dare to say “no” to her. 〖常见用法〗可以说：so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数，但是这种结构不能用复数形式。Xiao Wang is so easy-going a boy that he gets on well with all his classmates.2、结果状语从句中so和such置前，则须倒装主句：So sad did the little girl look at the bad news that her parent did not know how to comfort her. Such a hurried decision did he made that almost everyone felt very upset. （八）原因状语从句 1、because 表示直接的，不为听话人所知道的原因，语气强烈，可以使用在强调句中，通常可以用来回答why的问句。 He cannot be at home now, because I just met him in the library. It is because he is ill that he fails to go to school. 2、since和as 意为“因为，既然”，语气弱，其原因是听话人和说话人均知道的。As you are tired, you had better rest.Mark needs to learn Chinese since his company is opening a branch in Beijing. （2013山东卷）As it is raining heavily, I would stay home rather than go to the movie〖注意〗because, since, as以及并列连词for之间的区别：（1）because一般表示未知的原因或直接的原因，强调别人未知。Because I was ill last Monday, I failed to go to the airport to see you off. （2）since和as引导原因状语从句表示已经知道的事实，这种从句一般只是补充说明问题，真正要强调的是由此引起的后果。Since you have come here from so far away, stay with us for several days. As it suddenly rained, we had no choice but to put off the sports meeting. （3）for是并列连词，不能放在句首，而且经常表示一种推理，表示推测的原因只能用for。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. （4）只有because可以用来回答why的问句和使用在强调句型中。It was because he did not come to the meeting that we failed to make the final decision.3、seeing that意为“因为”，now (that)意为“既然”；Now that/Since she is in charge of this project, she should be here to give instructions. Seeing that my husband had no time to fetch our son, I must go instead. 4、in that表示“因为、在于”；The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.（九）方式状语从句1、as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照，如同”。Do in Rome as the Romans do.入乡随俗。 You should do as I have told you. 你要按照我告诉你的去做。2、as if/ though引导方式状语从句，意为“好像，似乎”。The old man stood at the door as if (=as though) he were waiting for someone.