yinyuyinyusuzezz
美式橄榄球由两支球队参加比赛，每支球队上场各11人。每场比赛有4节，每节15分钟。美式橄榄球的场地以码数来计算。Yard即“码”，1码相当于1米不到。场地两端的“End zone”就是达阵区。在美式橄榄球中，“达阵”相当于足球中的“射门”，篮球中的“投篮”。两支球队都要保护自己的达阵区不被对方侵犯，也要尽力带球攻入对方的达阵区。达阵成功即得6分。达阵后还可以选择不同的形式再进攻，成功后就可获取1分或2分的附加分。 我们假设A,B两队参加比赛。A队的达阵区在左边，B队的达阵区在右边。比赛开始前，两支队伍猜硬币来决定哪支球队首先进攻。我们假设A队赢了猜硬币，成为进攻方。则由B队在其阵地（右边）30码处往A队达阵区（左边）开球。 "B队此时预测A队球员开球的落地位置进行防守。开球后会有三种可能性： 1．如果接着前面得假设，A队选择进攻，那么应该是B队踢球给A队队员接。A队队员接球后回冲向对方端区（也就是所说的达阵区）。如果被B队队员拦截（截杀），那么被拦截的位置就是A队正式开始进攻的位置。 拦截成功的定义是：A队带球队员 A.身体除手和脚外其他的部位着地。B.或者跑出界外。C.或者虽然前两点都不成立，但是被对方防守队员抱住或者拦住，明显无法向前推进时。 C的情况比较少见。前2种情况是比较常见的拦截成功（截杀）的情形。但是有一点要注意：拦截并不是球落地，也并不需要。如果A队带球队员在带球中球落地了，这是一个掉球（fumble），对方可以上来把球抢走导致攻防转换。 2．B队球员接到球后向A队达阵区进攻。此时攻防转换。当他被A队截杀进攻失败时球落地的那个点，就是B队正式进攻的地方。 3．开球如果球落地，比赛仍然继续进行，开球有效，双方谁抢到球就是谁的。 假设A队球员顺利接到球，并在对方阵地的30码处被B队球员截杀，A队球员从30码处开始向B队的达阵区进攻。进攻时，如果A队持球队员被B队防守队员摁倒在地，球触地；或者传球失误，球触地，进攻即告结束。 A队进攻方有4次进攻机会，4次进攻以内累计推进了10码以上（从一攻起始位置算起）。A队就可再获得4次进攻机会，以此类推，直到最后达阵。如果A队4次进攻后并没有推进10码，那么就在最后一次进攻被截杀的地方进行攻防转换，A队变为防守方，B队变为进攻方。比如如果一攻起始位置是B队30码，A队一攻前进到了B队22码，二攻推进到了B队18码，此时A队已经累计推进了12码，便可以重新获得4次进攻机会了。此时的一攻起始位置就是B队18码。橄榄球规则最最基本的核心是4次进攻推进10码。这一次一次的机会，在英文中被称为down，所以我们可以说the first down(第一次进攻)，the second down(第二次进攻)，the third down(第三次进攻)，the fourth down（第四次进攻）。 在橄榄球转播中，你经常可以听到这样的句子： “1st and 10 on the 10 yard line”或者“3rd and 8 on the 32 yard line”。这是什么意思呢？ 1st 意思是第一次进攻，10意思就是还需要推进10码才能取得下一个四次进攻机会，10yard line就是10码线的意思。所以这句话整体意思就是“目前是进攻方的第一次进攻机会，进攻方站在10码线上往前推进，还需要推进10码才能取得下一个四次进攻机会。” 同样的，如果是“3rd and 8 on the 32 yard line”，那么这句话的意思就是“目前是进攻方的第三次进攻机会，进攻方站在32码线上往前推进，还需要推进8码才能取得下一个四次进攻机会。”
Christybeauty
Football History —Just What Sport are We Talking About Anyway? Mention the term “football” and depending on just where you are one of two entirely different games might come to mind. In North America, people will picture a smash-mouth game played by large men wearing pads and helmets on a field with goal posts at each end. The ball is moved down the field by running and passing. In most of the rest of the world “football” means a sport played by shorts-clad men and women on a pitch, or field, with netted goals at each end. It is a game that primarily involves the feet as the ball is kicked up and down the pitch. For the purpose of this article, we will focus on the history of football, american style, the first type mentioned. Association football, or soccer as it’s commonly called, is addressed on a different page on this website. Has football always been this confusing? In a nutshell, yes.Soccer, Rugby and MoreAmerican Football (let’s make it simple and just call it plain ol’ “football”) has it roots in both soccer and rugby. A form of soccer was played as early as 206 BC in the Han Dynasty of China when teams competed in a game called Tsu Chu to celebrate the emperor’s birthday. The roots of rugby-type games go back to 11th century England when young boys played a tackle game with an inflated cow bladder. This child’s play evolved into violent clashes between men from opposing villages. Hundreds of players from each town would attempt to run the bladder into the middle of the their opponent’s town. Injuries and even death were such a common part of the game that the King of England eventually outlawed the sport. In 1623, football resurfaced (legally) in England as a soccer-type game played on a field rather than in the town streets. Players were not allowed to touch the ball with anything except their feet. At about the same time, Irish teams took up a form of football that allowed players to hit the ball with their fists. One of the biggest changes in the game happened at Rugby College in 1823. According to legend, William Ellis suddenly stopped kicking the ball, picked it up and ran down the field and across the goal line. Sure, Ellis had broken one of the fundamental rules of the game, but the crowd loved it. Rugby College recognized that Ellis had a good idea and began allowing players to run with ball. This was the official beginning of rugby and the catalyst for what we know today as football.
只爱小火锅
rugby (football)。
橄榄球，球类运动的一种，盛行于英国、南非、美国、法国、澳大利亚、爱尔兰、新西兰、阿根廷、日本、加拿大和意大利等国家。1823年起源于英国拉格比，原名拉格比足球，简称拉格比。
因其球形似橄榄，在中国称为橄榄球。拉格比是英国中部的一座城市，那里有一所拉格比学校，它是橄榄球运动的诞生地。
联合式橄榄球(Rugby union)，亦称Rugby football，英文简称为Rugby，中国亦译为英式橄榄球，同样使用橄榄形球的联盟式橄榄球(Rugby League)、美式足球(American football。
亦称美式橄榄球)、加拿大式足球(Canadian football，加式橄榄球)、澳式足球(Australian football)、盖尔式足球(Gaelic football，亦称爱尔兰式橄榄球)因为是衍生的橄榄球(足球)运动，并不包括在本词条内。
