高一英语语法问题

高一语法(一) 定语从句定义:★在复合句中用来修饰名词或代词(这个名词或代词在英语中叫先行词)的从句叫定语从句.定语从句常见的引导词是:that, which who, whom, whose, when, where, why及.as九个定语从句必须从 ①先行词,②成份 ,③引导词 三要素着手引导词在定语从句作宾语时可以省略★ what不能引导定语从句 / sth that =what all that =what 当第一要素"先行词"是指代物的名词或代词时,其后的定语从句的引导词用that 或which在定语从句中作主语或宾语e.g. A plane is a machine (that / which can fly.) 物 ↘ 作从句中的主语 The noodles (that / which I cooked )were delicious.物 ↘ 作从句中的宾语(可省略)当第一要素先行词是指代人的名词或代词时,用that 或 who在定语从句中作主语,用that /who/whom 在定语从句中代替宾语e.g. The foreigner( that/who visited our school yesterday) is from Canada.↘作从句中的主语The girl (that/who/whom you saw yesterday) is Jim's sister.↘作从句中的宾语(可以省略)关于定语从句中可以作介词宾语的引导词只有引导词which ,whom才可在定语从句中直接跟在某一介词的后面作宾语.e.g. The athlete( to whom you talked) is a famous runner.↘介词 ↘只用whom不用who 代人athleteThis is the room( in (介词) which he lived 3 years ago.) (其中in which 可以用where换,)★但介词也可留在原词组中,上句也可如下表示:The athlete (that/who/whom you talked to )is a famous runner.This is a room (that/which he lived in 3 years ago.)注:常见的不可分拆的词组有:take care of , look after, look for, catch up with, keep up withlook out for ,catch sight of etc.当第一要素先行词是指人或物的名词或代词,在定语从句中修饰别的名词时都用whose 来代替人或物,意为"他(们)的,或它(们)的"在从句中作定语.e.g. This is a door (whose color is brown).↘代替了"门的 "修饰color 在从句中作定语Harry is the boy( whose mother is our maths teacher.)/ Harry is the boy, the mother of whom is our maths teacher .↘ 代替"男孩的" 修饰mother 在从句中作定语/Harry is the boy ,of whom the mother is our maths teacher.稍难例句The child was saved by a man ,the name of whom/whose name/of whom the name was unknown.There are 54 students in our class, 25 of whom are girls /相当于 of whom 25 are girls.The Greens have two daughters, both of whom /of whom both are college students. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days./ /相当于/the sailing time of which was226days或 226days of which was the sailing time./注意以下句子: (多样化例句)The beggar has no money with which he can buy food . /The beggar has no money which /that he can buy food with .The beggar has no money with which to buy food.( 引导词后直接跟了不定式短语)/The beggar has no money to buy food with The peasants built some stores in which to store their grain. (可以模仿以上例句举一反三)★在有些定语从句中常只能用that引导定语从句,而不能用who/whom/which与它互换.当第一要素先行词中既有人又有物时e.g. I still remember the school and the teachers (that he mentioned yesterday.)当第一要素先行词是指物的不定代词 如anything , all , everything, much, something. (sth that =what all that =what)e.g. All (that /can be done) has been done(能做的一切都做了)/What can be done has been doneI can do all (that )/what I can║ to help you.that可省因为它在定语从句中作宾语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be/Jack is no longer what he used to be .Shanghai is no loner what it used to be /Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. .当第一要素先行词中带有the only, the very 修饰物时e.g. He was the only person( that knew about the secret.)4. 当第一要素先行词中有序数词或形容词的最高级时e.g. This is the first book〔 (that) I have bought.〕This is the best film (that )I have ever seen 5. 以疑问词who, which 开头的疑问句为避免重复Who is the boy( that is talking to our headmaster )Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this 一般只能用who的搭配anyone who , he who, anybody who, Anyone who /He who /Whoever doesn't reach the great wall is not a true man.★ 注意下句的先行词和主句的谓语单复数He is the only one of the teachers who /that knows French in our school. He is one of the teachers who/that know French in our school.当第一要素先行词是指时间的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用when,在定语从句中作时间状语.e.g. I still remember the day ( when I first came to Beijing.)↘表时间的名词 ↘作从句中的状语"在那天"当第一要素先行词是指地点的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用where在定语从句中作地点状语.e.g. The factory (where his father works )is in the west of the city.↘表地点的名词 ↘作从句中状语"在那家工厂"★ ★ case ,point situation ,scene 等是表示地点的抽象名词,其后的定语从句常常用where引导当第一要素先行词是reason 时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用why (the reason why) 在定语从句中作原因状语.e.g. There are several reasons( why we can't do that).★**但并非看到先行词是指时间或地点的名词及reason 时,就马上用引导词when ,where or why ,要看在定语从句中缺少了什么成份,如果第一要素"先行词"的确是时间或地点的名词及reason,就立刻分析第二要素"成份",如果定语从句中缺少了成份主语或宾语,这时只能把先行词第一要素时间或地点的名词及reason,看作指物的名词,然后选择第三要素"引导词"用that/which 而不能如例句"五,六, 七"中用when ,where, or why .e.g. I still remember the day (that/which we spent (度过) together ) last summer.↘表时间的名词 ↘在定语从句中作spent的宾语故不用when The factory (that / which we visited last week) is my father's.↘表地点的名词 ↘ 在定语从句中作visit 的宾语,故不用whereThe reason (that /which was given by him) was right.↘表原因 ↘在定语从句中作主语,故不用why***还要注意典句 The reason is that ………是表语从句eg. The reason is that he has difficulty in learning English . The reason (why he is late for school) is that he missed the early train. ****************************************************************************★★以上所举例子全部为限制性定语从句,主从句之间无逗号分开,因此,如果主从句之间有逗号隔开,后面的从句即被称为非限制性定语从句.引导词that是永远不会出现在非限制性定语从句中.e.g. Dinner starts with a small fish, which (不用that) is called a starter .Yesterday I met LiPing , who(不用that) look very tired. 十.引导词As 引导的定语从句常在such ….as, the same …as , as…as结构中 ,as在定语从句作主语或宾语.Such a boy (as you referred to just now) is too curious.I have the same reference book ( as was described in the lecture .)I have as many books〔 as you (have) 〕区别下列两组句子.This is the same book( as he bought yesterday .) ( 同一种书)This is the same book( that he bought yesterday.)( 同一本书)He is such a lovely boy as we all like. (定语从句中作like 的 宾语)He is such a lovely boy that we all like him.( 结果状语从句 十一,★ As 也可以引导非限制性定语从句. 但要区别which引导非限制性定语从句.As 引导非限制性定语从句,可以放在句首,或句中, 谓语常是 expect, know, hope , realize ,see, understandEg. He stands out of the crowd in music, as everybody can see.= As everybody can see, he stands out of the crowd in music2. As 引导非限制性定语从句,不用于否定句.而which可以.Eg. He took the first place, which we didn't expect.which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在句中,且主从句之间常有因果关系.Eg. You saved my life, which I will never forget.↘ 因 ↘果十 二,★注意先行词way ,time后的定语从句当先行词是way意为"方式, 方法"时,引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式.What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which/that / 不填 he said it.注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较The way in which/that /不填 he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解.The way ( that /which /不填 ) (he explained ∧to us was quite simple.(作explained的宾语)他向我们解释的那种方法很简单.先行词是time时,若time 是"次数"时, 应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作"一段时间"讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句.如:This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.(表第几次时,必须用完成时)I could hardly remember how many times (that) I've failed.This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.Attributive clauses 定语从句 综合一练)(2007/9/20)★定语从句的补充说明:Which仅表示"这件事,这(个/点)"等,相当于and that 或and this;as 表示"正如/正象/这一点..."等as常引导肯定的非限制性定语从句.否定的非限制性定语从句则用which.在下列一些固定结构中,用as不用which:As we (all) know, as is well known, (众所周知)as we (all) can see, as you say,as is said/mentioned above, as you may have heard, as you may remember,as is often the case,(情况经常如此) as often happens 等.★注意以下例句:Eg: 1. He failed to keep his promise , whichdisappointed meand that2.He has a lot of magazines ,some of which are about sports.and some of them3.There are fifty students in the class ,three-fifths of whom are girls.and three-fifths of them★如何区别定语从句和强调句1. 强调句型 It is +被强调部分(人)that/who+其他……强调句型 It is +被强调部分(物)that …+其他当强调名词时,注意勿与定语从句混淆.如★It was in the company that my father worked in for ten years.(定语从句) that /which my father worked for ten years.(强调句)★----where did you have the shampoo ----- It was in the barber's shop (that /which you recommended to me. (定语从句) )(that I had the shampoo.) (强调句)(此句常常省略的)that I had a shampoo and set. (强调句)It /this is the first time that I have visited Scotland. (定语从句)★It was for the first time that I visited Scotland. (强调句)这些定语从句中,that在从句部分担当成分.如果去掉it is ….that ….,句子结构就不完整了.而在强调句中,如果去掉it is ….that/who …这个架子.,只需要把语序稍加调整,句子结构仍是完整的.★★特别注意难句带有定语从句的强调句型"It is +被强调的名词+修饰该名词的定语从句+that/who引导的强调句+其他部分".如It was in that barber's shop( which/ that was managed by Coney)that I met the pop star.It is always the mouth( which talks too much ) that causes troubles.It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader.------When did he have a traffic accident -----It was in 2005 when he was in college. that he had a traffic accident (此句常常省略的)