紫雨洋依
冠词和数词
2.1 不定冠词的用法
冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。
不定冠词a （an）与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
1） 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如：
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。
2） 代表一类人或物。例如：
A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。
Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。
3） 组成词组或成语，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden等。
2.2 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如：
Take the medicine. 把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：
He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth等。
4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：
They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）
They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师）
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如：
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：
She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
10） 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：
the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）
11） 用在惯用语中。例如：
in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）, the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky （water，field，country）
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle （of）, in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
2.3 零冠词的用法
1） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：
Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：
The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play chess。
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：
I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。
9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train。
10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如： go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 （并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）
11）不用冠词的序数词；
a. 序数词前有物主代词时。
b. 序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。
c. 在固定词组中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等。
2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1） 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。例如：
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2） 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物。例如：
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
2.5 冠词位置
1） 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后。例如：
I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。
Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。
So short a time 如此短的时间
Too long a distance 距离太远了
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如：Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
2） 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。例如：All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
2.6 数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1）基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and forty-five。
2）基数词一般是单数形式，但遇下列情况，常用复数：
a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人；
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如：
They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到了。
c. 表示"几十岁"。
d. 表示"年代"，用 in +the +数词复数。
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如Three fives is（are）fifteen。
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。
三、 数词的用法
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。例如
I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…） of…。例如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。例如：
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。例如：
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：
1/3 one-third； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.
sherry美享家
随着社会不断的发展，英语的使用越来越普遍，下面是我整理的八年级上册英语第7单元课件，希望对你有帮助。
Section A
一、教师寄语: Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.
三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。
二、学习目标
知识目标：
1. woeds: vocabulary :blender , yogurt , turn on , cut up , peel , pour , put into , ingredient ,cinnamon , teaspoon , amount ,watermelon .
2. Patterns: How do you make a banana milk shake?
How many bananas do we need ?
How much milk do we need ?
能力目标:学会使用how many和how much分别对可数名词和不可数名词的量提问.
情感目标:培养学生热爱劳动的习惯.
三、教学重点：可数名词和不可数名词的运用以及对他们量的提问。
教学难点.：如何描述过程。
四、学习过程
（一）预习导学及自测
从方框中选择适当的单词完成下列句子
salt, turkey, check, roll, sauce
1. Finally ____ the pancake.
2. ____ looks like sugar.
3. How many teaspoons of ____ do you need?
4. Did you ____your answers?
5. Put some ____ slices on the sandwich.
（二）自主学习
SB Page 41 , 1a .
Look at the picture .What can you see ?
Point out the blank likes in the picture .Ss twrite the names of the actions .Choose the correct words .
Ss fill in the blanks on their own .
Check the answers .
SB Page 41, 1b .
Point out the actions in the picture and the list of actions in activity 1b .
Play the recording and check the answers .
SB Page 42 , 2a .
Point out the two columns in the chart and read the headings .Say , Maria and Katie are talking about making fruit salad .Listen carefully .What do they need ?Write the names of the ingredients .
Play the recording and check the answers .
SB Page 42 , 2b .
Listen again .This time listen to the amout of each ingredient the girls talk about .Write the name of each ingredient next to the correct amount .
A student reads the amounts in the first column .
Play the recording .Ss work .Check the answers .
SB Page 43 , 3a .Look at the picture and answer what the boy and girl are doing .
Read the four words at the beginning of the activity .
Answer the number the words to show the order .
Read the conversation .And complete it .
（三）合作探究
SB Page 41 , 1c .
Point out the instructions in activity 1b .And talk with a partner .
SB Page 42 ,2c .
Read the instruction for the activity .
Point to the sample conversation .Two students read the questions and answers to the class .
Ss work in pairs .
Some pairs to present their conversations .
（四）拓展创新
Grammar focus .
Review the grammar box .Ss to say the questions and answers .
Write the words countable and uncountable on the Bb .
One or two students explain what these words mean
Pay attention to the verb , there are imperative sentences .Students say sentences like these .
SB Page 43 , 3b .Point out the picture .
Ss tell what is happening in each picture. Review the words :popcorn , popcorn popper ,salt , bowl .
A student read the directions in the box .
Ss work with partner ,then one or two students tell the class how to make popcorn .
I want three bottles of milk.我想要三瓶牛奶。
Please give him a piece of paper.请给他一张纸。
也可以用some, any, a lot, lots of, much, a little等来修饰表示泛指的数量。
He has a lot of time to study.他有大量学习的时间。
对数量进行提问时，how many后接可数名词复数；how much后接不可数名词。
—How many oranges did he buy?他买了多少个橘子？
—He bought five oranges. 他买了五个。
—How much water do you drink every day?你每天喝多少水？
—I drink eight glasses of water every day.我每天喝八杯水。
（六）达标检测
Ⅰ.用所给短语的正确形式填空，每个只能用一次
cut up , turn on, mix up, add…to…, put… into…
1. Please ____ the ingredients ____ the soup.
2. Don’t ____ the blender.
3. Please ____ the three apples.
4. He ____ meat ____ the bread.
5. Finally, he ____ all the ingredients.
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示完成英语句子
1. Let’s make ____ ____(水果沙拉).
2. That’s a ____ ____(好主意).
3. Your mother needs three ____ ____ _____(茶匙蜂蜜).
4. First, we should ____ _____(搅匀)water and flour.
Ⅲ.对下列各句的画线部分提问，每空一词
1. We need two cups of orange juice.
____ ____ _____ ____ orange juice do you need?
2. There are twenty boys in our class.
____ ____ ____ are there in your class?
3. He wants two slices of bread.
____ ____ ____ does he want?
五、典型例题解析
1.Don’t ____ too much TV, It’s bad for your eyes.
A. watch B. watched C. watching D. to watch
<点拨>本句是否定祈使句，don’t后接动词原形，故排除B, C, D三项。<答案> A
2．—Please come ____ the room. It’s raining hard outside.—Thank you.
A. over B. out C. into D. on
<点拨> come over意为“顺便来访”，接介词to之后，再加地点宾语，故排除；come out加地点名词时要先加介词of，排除；come on意为“加油；过来”，不符合句意；句意为“外面雨下得很大，请进屋吧。谢谢。”故选 C项。<答案> C
3. Do you know how ____ the blender?
A. open B. to open C. turn on D. to turn on
<点拨>打开果汁机用turn on，排除A, B两项；疑问词后常接不定式，故排除C项。
六、中考链接
1.（2009湖州）Put the ingredients in a bowl and ____, please.
A. mix up it B. mix it up C. mix up them D. mix them up
2.（2009益州）Please ____ some salt to my soup.
A. turn B. put C. make D. add
七、课后反思
我的收获：___________________________________________________________________
我的不足：__________________________________________________________________
【学习目标】
1.熟练掌握本单元词汇：
2.熟练掌握本单元句型：
5） In 20 years，I think I’ll be a newspaper reporter.
(2) On the weekend, I’ll look less smart but I will be more comfortable.
(3) What will your… be like ?
【学习重点
难点】 本单元的单词、短语、语法
【学法指导】 及时练习与巩固
【教学过程】
一、 导入（启发探究 3分钟）
对话复习：
Nick: What are you reading, Jill?
Jill: It’s book about future.
Nick: Sounds cool. So what will the future be like?
Jill: Well, cities will be more crowded and polluted. There will be fewer trees and the environment will be in great danger.
Nick: That sounds bad! Will we have to move to other planets.
Jill: Maybe. But I want to live on the earth.
Nick: Me, too. Then what can we do?
Jill: We can use less water and plants more trees. Everyone should play a part in saving the earth.
二、自学（自主探究 6分钟）
用法：
will + 动词原形 将要做
fewer/more + 可数名词复数 更少/更多…
less/more + 不可数名词 更少/更多
try to do sth. 尽力做某事
have to do sth 不得不做某事
agree with sb. 同意某人的意见
such + 名词（词组） 如此
play a part in doing sth 参与做某事
make sb do sth 让某人做某事
help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
There will be + 主语 + 其他 将会有….
There is/are + sb. + doing sth 有…正在做…
It is + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth 做某事对某人来说…的
三、交流（合作探究 10分钟）
语法：
What will the future be like? Cities will be more polluted. And there will be fewer trees.
Will people use money in 100 years? No, they won’t. Everything will be free.
Will there be world peace? Yes, I hope so.
Kids will stuffy at home on computers.
They won’t go to school.
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
There will be more people. There will be more pollution.
There will be fewer trees. There will be less free time.
四、总结（引深探究 15分钟）
词语辨析：
1. every 与 each 的区别：
every 用来表整体，each 用来表个别。each 最低需是两，every 最低需是三。every adj.
every 作主用单数，each 可单也可复，作主、作定用单数，其他情况用复数。 each adj./ pron.
Every teacher knows her.
There are lots of trees on each side of the road.
Each of the road has a dictionary.
2. on the earth 在地球上，作地点状语，位于句首或句末。 on earth 究竟，到底。用于疑问句或副词后，加强语气。
All the living things on the earth depend on the sun. / What on earth do you mean?
3. human, 指包括男人女人孩子的“人，人类”，有别于动物，自然景物，机器等的特殊群体，也可指具体的人。
person, 无性别之分，常用于数目不太大，而且数目比较精确的场合。
people, 泛指“人们”，表示复数概念。
man,前不带冠词而且单独使用时，指“男人”，a man 可指“一个人/ 一个男人”，复数形式为men.
He was the only human on the island.
There are only three persons in the room.
There are many people there.
Man is stronger than woman.
4. seem 连系动词，好像，似乎，看来。有下面几种用法：
seem + 名词 看起来。He seems a nice man.
seem like 好像，似乎。 It seemed like a good idea at the time.
seem to do sth. 似乎/看起来/好像做某事。 I seem to have left my book at home.
It seems/seemed that 看起来好像…, 似乎…. He was very happy.
seem to be + 形容词/名词 = seem + 形容词/名词。 She seems to be happy.= She seems happy.
5. probably ad. maybe 相当于 perhaps. 也许，大概，可能。作状语.
probably 用于句中，可能性最大。 He will probably come tomorrow.
maybe/perhaps 用于句首。 Maybe/Perhaps you are right.
1. during / for / in 介词，在……期间。说到某事是在某一段时间之间发生的用during; 说到某事持续多久则用for; 说到某事具体发生的时间用in.
We visited many places of interest during the summer holiday.
I’ve been here for two weeks.
They usually leave school in July.
五、练评（包含“考点链接” 应用探究 6分钟）
读“What will your life be like in the future?”短文，用所给单词填空。
In 20 years, I think I’ll be a newspaper reporter. I’ll ________in Shanghai, because there will be _______jobs in that city. As a reporter, I think I will _______lots of interesting people, so I’ll have more friends. I’ll have ______ pets, because it’ll be too small. So I’ll probably just ______a bird. During the week, I’ll________smart clothes. On the weekend, I’ll _______less smart but I’ll be more comfortable. In the future, people will _______more so they’ll probable have fewer vacations, but I think I’ll _______a holiday in Hong Kong when possible. One day I’ll even go to Australia.
