德国政府英语

《基本法》第62条规定：“联邦政府(Bundesregierung)由联邦总理和联邦各部部长组成。(Die Bundesregierung besteht aus dem Bundeskanzler und aus den Bundesministern.)”联邦政府设总理和副总理各一人，联邦部长14至20人。联邦总理候选人由联邦总统同联邦议院中各议会党团协商后提出，交联邦议院全会投票表决。凡得法定半数以上票者当选。一般情况下，联邦总统总是推荐联邦议院中实力最强的多数党主席为总理候选人，以便确保他在联邦议院表决时能顺利通过。新总理第一个任务是组织联邦政府，即内阁，挑选各部部长和政府主要官员，并提出对联邦总统有约束力的任免名单。经联邦总统批准和任命后，内阁全体人员在联邦议院宣誓就职。政府的第一项活动是发布联邦总理的施政纲领。联邦部长的任命和施政纲领不必经联邦议院批准。联邦政府是联邦德国最高行政机构，它的主要任务是执行联邦议院和联邦参议院通过的各项决议和法令。联邦总理的权力相当广泛，他有对政府主要官员的任免权，还有立法倡议权和立法最后审核权。联邦议院通过的任何决议和法律，以及联邦总统颁布的一切公告和法令，都必须经联邦总理和有关部长的附署方能生效。1968年6月，联邦议院通过“紧急状态法”，进一步扩大了政府的权限，这项法令规定，在国家处于紧急状态时，联邦政府可以独揽一切大权，可以无需通过议会自行颁布具有法律效力的布告和命令。此外，政府还拥有限制人民自由往来，实行强制性检查及窃听电话和私拆邮件等权力。联邦总理是联邦德国国家机构中影响最大的实权人物。《基本法》第65条规定；“联邦总理确定政治总纲并对此承担责任。(Der Bundeskanzler bestimmt die Richtlinien der Politik und trägt dafür die Verantwortung.)”在联邦德国，不是政府而是联邦总理—人向联邦议院负责，联邦各部部长只对联邦总理负责。因此，也只有联邦总理有权向联邦议院提出对他本人的信任案。如果联邦议院没有通过对他的信任案，联邦总理有权援引《基本法》第68条，要求联邦总统解散对他不利的联邦议院，重新举行大选，以便使新组成的联邦议院有利他的政府。1972年9月22日，联邦总理勃兰特提出的信任案被联邦议院否决。为避免被赶下台，勃兰特要求联邦总统解散第6届联邦议院，提前一年举行第7届联邦议院大选。大选结果使当时联合执政的社会民主党和自由民主党取得了稳定的多数，渡过了政府危机。鉴于联邦总理拥有的特殊地位，有人把联邦德国的议会民主制称为“总理民主制”。为确保联邦总理的权力和政府的稳定，《基本法》第67条还就联邦总理不信任案作出具体规定。联邦议院有权对联邦总理表示不信任，并把他赶下台。但联邦议院不能以传统的半数以上议员的不信任迫使联邦总理下台，它必须在表示对联邦总理不信任的同时提出一名新的联邦总理候选人。因此，这种不信任案称为“建设性不信任案”(Konstruktives Mißtrauensvotum)。在魏玛共和国时期则不然，当时德国议会中的各反对党联合起来很容易以传统的半数以上票推翻政府，但在组织新政府时党派纷争很难产生一名新总理。这样使国家几周甚至几个月处于无政府无首脑状态。这种不信任案只具有破坏性质。联邦德国建国以来，联邦议院一共提出过两次“建设性不信任案”。1982年9月，当时联合执政的社会民主党和自由民主党在经济政策等问题上发生严重意见分歧，9月17日，包括副总理兼外长根舍在内的4名自由民主党部长集体辞职。联合政府垮台后，联邦总理施密特拒绝辞职，并试图援引《基本法》第68条，借联邦总统之手解散议会，达到提前举行大选重掌政权的目的。但反对党基督教民主联盟和基督教社会联盟早有另谋，它们与退出政府的自由民主党首脑达成协议，推选基督教民主联盟主席科尔为新总理，并向联邦议院提交“建设性不信任案”。10月1日联邦议院举行投票表决，提案以256票赞成、4票弃权、235票反对获得通过。这是联邦德国建国以来唯一的一次由联邦议院罢免了一位在职总理的职务。一股情况下，每届联邦政府的任期为4年，它随每届联邦议院的诞生而产生，并在下一届联邦议院召开之时而终止。但在联邦议院任期内，也可以改选总理和改组内阁。如果联邦总理被推翻，原联邦政府各部部长也必须同时下台。由于实行“建设性不信任案”，联邦德国的政府比较稳定。建国50多年来，前后担任过联邦总理职务的仅有7人，现任联邦总理为基督教民主联盟主席默克尔。"Basic Law" Article 62 provides that: "The federal government (Bundesregierung) by the Federal Chancellor and Federal Ministers of State. (Die Bundesregierung besteht aus dem Bundeskanzler und aus den Bundesministern.)" The federal government set up the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of a person, the Federal Minister 14 to 20 people. Federal candidate for prime minister by the Federal President of the Bundestag with the consultation of each parliamentary group and filed with the Federal Parliament plenary vote. Where votes were more than half of those who elected official. Under normal circumstances, the Federal President of the Bundestag is always recommended in the strongest of the majority party is chaired by the candidate for prime minister in order to ensure that he can vote in the Bundestag passed smoothly.New Prime Minister, the first task is to organize the federal government, that is, the cabinet, the selection of ministers and senior government officials, and made binding on the Federal President of the appointments and dismissals. The approval and appointment by the Federal President, the Cabinet, all personnel in the federal parliament sworn into office. The Government's first activity is to publish the policy agenda of the Federal Chancellor. Federal Minister of the appointment and the policy agenda without the approval by the Bundestag.Federal Republic of Germany the federal government is the highest executive body, and its main task is the implementation of the Bundestag and the Federal Senate to pass the resolutions and decrees. A wide range of federal prime minister's powers, he had the appointment and removal of principal officials of government power, as well as the right of legislative initiative and legislative right of final review. Any resolution adopted by the Bundestag and the law and all the bulletins issued by the Federal President and decrees must be approved by the federal Prime Minister and the Minister attached to the Department before taking effect.In June 1968, the Bundestag passed the "emergency law" to further expand the government's authority, the Act provides that a state of emergency in the country, the federal government can arrogate all power, can be enacted without the need for boards to have legal effect notices and orders. In addition, the Government also has restrictions on free movement of people and implement a mandatory inspection and the interception of telephone and private e-mail and other powers of demolition.German Federal Chancellor is the most influential national institutions powerful figure. "Basic Law" Article 65 provides; "Federal Chancellor to determine their political master, and to take responsibility. (Der Bundeskanzler bestimmt die Richtlinien der Politik und trägt dafür die Verantwortung.)" In the Federal Republic of Germany, not the government but the federal prime minister - to the Federal House is responsible for, the federal ministers responsible only to the Federal Chancellor. Therefore, only the Bundestag, Federal Chancellor is entitled to raise the confidence vote on his own. If the Bundestag does not pass a confidence vote against him, the Federal Prime Minister of the right to invoke "the Basic Law," Article 68 to require the Federal President to dissolve the Bundestag against him re-election in order to benefit the newly formed federal parliament that his government . September 22, 1972, Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt confidence motion was proposed by the Bundestag rejected. In order to avoid being forced to step down, Brandt asked the 6th Federal President to dissolve the Bundestag, held its 7 th year early Bundestag election. The election result, then the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and the Liberal Democrats to achieve a stable majority, through a government crisis.Given that the Federal Prime Minister has a special status, it was the Federal Republic of Germany's parliamentary democracy known as the "Prime Minister of democratic system." To ensure that the federal prime minister's powers and the government's stability, "the Basic Law," Article 67 of the Federal Prime Minister of no-confidence vote also made specific provisions. Bundestag the right to express no confidence in the Federal Chancellery, and to oust him. However, the Bundestag can not be more than half of the traditional distrust of members to force the federal prime minister to step down, it must be said that the Federal Prime Minister did not trust the same time, to propose a new federal prime minister candidate. Thus, the no-confidence vote as "constructive no-confidence vote" (Konstruktives Mißtrauensvotum). Is not the case during the Weimar Republic, when the German Parliament in the opposition parties together easily more than half of the traditional ticket to overthrow the government, but in forming a new government in partisan strife rather difficult to have a new prime minister. This will enable the country a few weeks or even months at a non-government non-heads of state. This no-confidence vote is only destructive in nature.Federal Republic of Germany since the founding of the Federal Parliament raised a total of two "constructive no-confidence motion." In September 1982, when the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and the Liberal Democratic Party on issues such as economic policy, serious differences of opinion, September 17, including the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Genscher, the Liberal Democratic Party, including four ministers to resign. After the collapse of the coalition government, the Federal Chancellor Schmidt refused to resign and tried to invoke the "Basic Law" Article 68, by the hands of the Federal President to dissolve parliament and hold early elections to regain power purposes. But the opposition Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union has long been to find another, they withdraw from the government of the Liberal Democratic Party leaders to reach an agreement, elected President of Kohl's Christian Democratic Union, the new prime minister, presented to the Bundestag "constructive no-confidence motion." October 1 the Bundestag, held a vote, the proposal by 256 votes in favor and four abstentions, 235 votes against it, was adopted. This is the Federal Republic of Germany and only time since the founding of the Federal Parliament by a serving prime minister removed from office.Yi Gu cases, each for a term of four years, the federal government, which the Bundestag with the birth of each generation and the next meeting of the Bundestag from time to time to terminate. However, in the Bundestag term, you can also elect the Prime Minister and cabinet reshuffle. If the Federal Prime Minister was overthrown, former federal ministers must also step down. As a result of "constructive no-confidence vote," Federal Republic of Germany the government more stable. The past 50 years, served as the federal prime minister before and after the only 7, the current Federal Chancellor Merkel, President of the Christian Democratic Union.