概念解释英文

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Culture is a very broad and most humane concept. In a word, culture is a general term for the forms of living elements of regional human beings, namely, clothing, articles, things, food, shelter and travel.

文化(culture)是非常广泛和最具人文意味的概念，简单来说文化就是地区人类的生活要素形态的统称:即衣、冠、文、物、食、住、行等。

It is difficult to define a culture accurately or precisely. The concept of culture has been interpreted in different ways.

给文化下一个准确或精确的定义，的确是一件非常困难的事情。对文化这个概念的解读，人类也一直众说不一。

However, there is a common explanation and understanding in the dictionaries and encyclopedias of the east and the west: culture is the total spiritual activity and product of human activities relative to politics and economy.

但东西方的辞书或百科中却有一个较为共同的解释和理解:文化是相对于政治、经济而言的人类全部精神活动及其活动产品。

参考资料：

文化的哲学定义:

The philosophical definition of culture:

文化是相对于经济、政治而言的人类全部精神活动及其产品。

Culture is all human mental activities and products relative to economy and politics.

文化是智慧群族的一切群族社会现象与群族内在精神的既有，传承，创造，发展的总和。

Culture is the sum total of all groups of social groups and the inherent spirit of the group.

它涵括智慧群族从过去到未来的历史，是群族基于自然的基础上所有活动内容。是群族所有物质表象与精神内在的整体。

It encompasses the history of the swarm of wisdom from the past to the future, and is the activity of all groups based on nature. It is the whole material representation and spiritual inner unity of a group.

具体人类文化内容指群族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗，工具，附属物、生活方式、宗教信仰，文学艺术、规范，律法，制度、思维方式、价值观念、审美情趣，精神图腾等等

The specific human culture content refers to the history, geography, customs and customs of the group, the tools, the appendages, the way of life, the religious belief, the art of literature, the law, the law, the system, the way of thinking, the values, the aesthetic interest, the spiritual totem, and so on.

参考资料：

文化culture（英文单词）（来自百度百科）

概念concept n.观念；概念；设计；计划；打算；样品；创意；主意；思想conception n.怀孕；怀胎；受精；观点；想法；看法；认识；观念；构想；理解notion n.概念；观念；看法；见解；一时的念头；突发的奇想；小件物品；感知idea n.想法；主意；念头；目标；目的；理念；观念；概念；看法

英文是：concept

英［＇kɒnsept］

释义：

n.概念，观念

［复数：concepts；第三人称单数：concepts；现在分词：concepting；过去式：concepted；过去分词：concepted］

短语：

New Concept English新概念英语；新概念英语资料大全；新概念英语三四册

词语辨析：idea，concept，conception，thought

这些名词均有“思想、观点、观念”之意。

1、idea最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。

2、concept指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。

3、conception通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。

4、thought指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。

Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate")[1] generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures can be "understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another"[2]Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society."[3] As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and morality, and systems of belief as well as the art.Cultural anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity and activities to classify, codify and communicate their experiences materially and symbolically. Scholars have long viewed this capacity as a defining feature of humans (although some primatologists have identified aspects of culture such as learned tool making and use among humankind's closest relatives in the animal kingdom).[4]Culture is manifested in human artifacts and activities such as music, literature, lifestyle, food, painting and sculpture, theater and film.[5] Although some scholars identify culture in terms of consumption and consumer goods (as in high culture, low culture, folk culture, or popular culture),[6] anthropologists understand "culture" to refer not only to consumption goods, but to the general processes which produce such goods and give them meaning, and to the social relationships and practices in which such objects and processes become embedded. For them, culture thus includes art, science, as well as moral systems.Various definitions of culture reflect differing theories for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Writing from the perspective of social anthropology in the UK, Tylor in 1874 described culture in the following way: "Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."[7]Rock engravings in Gobustan, Azerbaijan indicate a thriving culture dating around 10,000 BC.More recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) (2002) described culture as follows: "... culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs".[8]While these two definitions cover a range of meaning, they do not exhaust the many uses of the term "culture." In 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.[9]These definitions, and many others, provide a catalog of the elements of culture. The items catalogued (e.g., a law, a stone tool, a marriage) each have an existence and life-line of their own. They come into space-time at one set of coordinates and go out of it another. While here, they change, so that one may speak of the evolution of the law or the tool.A culture, then, is by definition at least, a set of cultural objects. Anthropologist Leslie White asked: "What sort of objects are they? Are they physical objects? Mental objects? Both? Metaphors? Symbols? Reifications?" In Science of Culture (1949), he concluded that they are objects "sui generis"; that is, of their own kind. In trying to define that kind, he hit upon a previously unrealized aspect of symbolization, which he called "the symbolate"—an object created by the act of symbolization. He thus defined culture as "symbolates understood in an extra-somatic context."[10] The key to this definition is the discovery of the symbolate.Culture as civilization The famous "El Castillo" (The castle), formally named "Temple of Kukulcan", in the archeological city of Chichén-Itzá, in the state of Yucatán, Mexico.Many people have an idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies, and between European powers and their colonies around the world. It identifies "culture" with "civilization" and contrasts it with "nature." According to this way of thinking, one can classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others, and some people as more cultured than others. Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture. Theorists such as Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) or the Leavisites regard culture as simply the result of "the best that has been thought and said in the world.”[11] Arnold contrasted mass/popular culture with social chaos or anarchy. On this account, culture links closely with social cultivation: the progressive refinement of human behavior. Arnold consistently uses the word this way: "...culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."[11]In practice, culture referred to élite activities such as museum-caliber art and classical music, and the word cultured described people who knew about, and took part in, these activities. These are often called "high culture", namely the culture of the ruling social group,[12] to distinguish them from mass culture and or popular culture.From the 19th century onwards, some social critics have accepted this contrast between the highest and lowest culture, but have stressed the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. On this account, folk music (as produced by working-class people) honestly expresses a natural way of life, and classical music seems superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrays Indigenous peoples as 'noble savages' living authentic unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly-stratified capitalist systems of the West.Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture, and the opposition of culture to nature. They recognize non-élites as just as cultured as élites (and non-Westerners as just as civilized)—simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way.Williams[13] argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:"a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development" "a particular way of life, whether of a people, period, or a group" "the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity".

概念（Idea，Notion，Concept）是反映对象的本质属性的思维形式。人类在认识过程中，从感性认识上升到理性认识，把所感知的事物的共同本质特点抽象出来，加以概括，就成为概念。表达概念的语言形式是词或词组。概念都有内涵和外延，即其涵义和适用范围。概念随着社会历史和人类认识的发展而变化。中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T15237．1—2000：“概念”是对特征的独特组合而形成的知识单元。德国工业标准2342将概念定义为一个“通过使用抽象化的方式从一群事物中提取出来的反应其共同特性的思维单位”。