excellentpri
In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how people interact with one another. As phrased by Paul Grice, who introduced it, it states, "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." Though phrased as a prescriptive command, the principle is intended as a description of how people normally behave in conversation.Put more simply, people who obey the cooperative principle in their language use will make sure that what they say in a conversation furthers the purpose of that conversation. Obviously, the requirements of different types of conversations will be different.The cooperative principle can be divided into four maxims, called the Gricean maxims, describing specific rational principles observed by people who obey the cooperative principle; these principles enable effective communication.The cooperative principle goes both ways: speakers (generally) observe the cooperative principle, and listeners (generally) assume that speakers are observing it. This allows for the possibility of implicatures, which are meanings that are not explicitly conveyed in what is said, but that can nonetheless be inferred. For example, if Alice points out that Bill is not present, and Carol replies that Bill has a cold, then there is an implicature that the cold is the reason, or at least a possible reason, for Bill's absence; this is because Carol's comment is not cooperative — does not contribute to the conversation — unless her point is that Bill's cold is or might be the reason for his absence. (This is covered specifically by the Maxim of Relation; see Gricean maxims).
歹徒通缉令
Humor and development of language itself and the internal laws of the relevant context. Linguists had different perspectives on humor research, which Gricean principle of cooperation put forward by the interpretation of the unique humor. Theoretical guidance in the principles of cooperation, through the analysis of specific examples of English conversation to explore the causes of humor, so as to achieve a deeper understanding and appreciation of the purpose of humor. � Keywords: English conversation; cooperative principle; humor � Humor is a language of art, it adds to our lives a lot of fun. English Humor is humor, the meaning of the production process of the session. In the humorous conversation, often appear both communication party violate the cooperative principle of a certain criteria, resulting in the speaker's subjective intentions and objective effects or the listener's understanding of inconsistency, resulting in a sense of humor. � A principle of cooperation � To make conversation flow in, meaning coherence, American philosopher Grice that the so-called coherent discourse is "the interpreter through discourse between the various sentences, and linked with the secondary goal to make all the specific relationship inference, these secondary objectives present in the whole process of understanding is required among the inference of intent. " He called this session the two sides must follow the "principle of cooperation." Grice in "Logic and Conversation" in an article that people talk to comply with the principles of cooperation, including the four areas, each area also includes a number of times the criteria and guidelines. � A. number of criteria: � a) make remarks just to meet the current information needed to talk. � b) not more than words needed information. � B. Quality Guidelines: � Words to seek truth. � a) Do not say it knew to be false. � b) Do not say if the lack of sufficient evidence. � C. Relevance criteria: be associated. � D. means criteria: be clear. � a) avoid obscurity. � b) to avoid ambiguity. � c) be concise. � d) be orderly. (HU Zhuang-lin, 2002) � If the communication that people can follow the above four criteria, then the communication in the most effective manner. Grice was found: in the actual communication, people do not always comply with these guidelines, and sometimes out of necessity, people will intentionally violate the principle of cooperation. The reason why the speaker seems to violate the cooperative principle of using this approach is to enhance communication effectiveness. The humor in the fact that the surface through which the practice of violating the principle of cooperation, it seems pointless to make the dialogue sound related, but not related to the surface meaning of the dialogue is included between the lines, this time also had a sense of humor. The following will explain the specific English conversation as a violation of the principle of cooperation in certain specific criteria trigger humor. � 2 English Conversation Humor � Violation of the guidelines amount � 2.1 Standards require that the amount of information the speaker can not give enough information, nor more than necessary. Ambiguous or missing information will result in semantic ambiguity, information overload will express the same implication. Following this example is caused by excessive amount of information and humor.
囍兒小静静
Humor to pick the emergence and development of language itself with the inherent laws and context. Linguists for humor studies on different angles, including grice's cooperative principle of humor is explained. Under the guidance of the principle of cooperation in theory, through the analysis of the concrete examples, this paper discusses conversational English humor causes, thus achieve deeper understanding and appreciating humour. afterKeywords: English conversation, Cooperation principle, Humor afterHumor is a verbal art, it is our life a lot of fun. English humor humor conversational implicature produced is the production process. In humorous conversation, often appear communication both side of the violation of the cooperative principle, resulting in a rule to the subjective intentions and objective understanding of the effect or listen to people, thus produce humor. after1 after cooperation principleIn order to make conversation can unimpeded, significance and coherent, American philosopher grice discourse coherence of the so-called "text interpretation through the relationship between each sentence, and the secondary objectives of each relationship, these secondary targets making inferences exists for the whole process of reasoning required by the intent". He called it a conversation between the "cooperation principle must be followed. In the Logic grice Conversation. "think people talking with the cooperative principle includes four categories, each category includes a criterion and some times. afterA number of criteria: afterA) to meet the right words to the needed information. afterB) words don't need more information. afterB. quality criteria: afterTry to be true words. afterA) do not say false words is self-knowledge. afterB) don't say lack of sufficient evidence. afterC: correlation rule). afterD. way to clear criteria:. afterA) to avoid obscure. afterB) to avoid ambiguity. afterC) to succinct. afterD) to order. HuZhuangLin (2002), afterIf people can follow in communication, communication above four criteria can most effectively. Glen rice found in actual intercourse, and people are not always abide by these standards, sometimes need for people intentionally violates the principle of cooperation. The speaker was adopted this seemingly violation of the cooperative principle is to strengthen the communication effect. The humor is through the surface of violation of the cooperative principle and make dialogues sounded seems pointless, but these surface meaning not related to the dialogue, but contains the implication and humor. Below will through specific conversational English due to violation of the cooperative principle to explain in a specific standards of humor. after2 generate conversational English humor afterViolation of the rule is 2.1 afterThe amount of code the speaker is insufficient information, information can also cannot than is needed. Scarcity of information will produce ambiguity or cause semantic fuzziness information, too, may also express some implication. Following the example is caused by excessive amount of humor. after
空空的小新
In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how people interact with one another. As phrased by Paul Grice, who introduced it, it states, "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged."“会话合作理论”是一个社会学/语言学名词，主要用于描述人类是如何相互进行互动的。其提出者保罗·格莱斯认为，语言交际实际上是说话人与听话人遵守同一原则并且相互合作才能达成的行为。
玉江style
楼主以后可以从 Wikipedia 上搜索英文的名词解释.Cooperative principle(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how people interact with one another. As phrased by Paul Grice, who introduced it, it states, "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." Though phrased as a prescriptive command, the principle is intended as a description of how people normally behave in conversation.Put more simply, people who obey the cooperative principle in their language use will make sure that what they say in a conversation furthers the purpose of that conversation. Obviously, the requirements of different types of conversations will be different.The cooperative principle can be divided into four maxims, called the Gricean maxims, describing specific rational principles observed by people who obey the cooperative principle; these principles enable effective communication.The cooperative principle goes both ways: speakers (generally) observe the cooperative principle, and listeners (generally) assume that speakers are observing it. This allows for the possibility of implicatures, which are meanings that are not explicitly conveyed in what is said, but that can nonetheless be inferred. For example, if Alice points out that Bill is not present, and Carol replies that Bill has a cold, then there is an implicature that the cold is the reason, or at least a possible reason, for Bill's absence; this is because Carol's comment is not cooperative — does not contribute to the conversation — unless her point is that Bill's cold is or might be the reason for his absence. (This is covered specifically by the Maxim of Relation; see Gricean maxims).
素手宛花
语用原则尤其是合作原则是保证会话顺利进行的基本条件。但是，在实际的交际活动中，人们并不总是严格遵守合作原则.1)无法察觉的违背合作原则：说假话 → 欺骗。听话人没有觉察对方已违背了合作原则，以为对方在遵循着合作原则，从而也按按照合作原则进行交流。2)显而易见的违背合作原则：交际策略 → 会话含义。可能是出于礼貌或场合的需要,说话人故意显而易见地违背合作原则；当听话人觉察到这种情况后，就会有意识地联系语境从对方话语的表面意义中寻找出更深一层的含意，从而领会说话人所要表达的真实意图。这种“言外之意”就是会话含义 (Conversational implicature)。礼貌原则的提出在格赖斯提出合作原则之后，引起了不少质疑。其中之一就是，他没回答人们为什么要违背合作原则，通过会话含义传递信息。英国语言学家杰弗里·利奇（Geoffrey Leech）就提出了“礼貌原则” （the Politeness Principle），予以拯救。 自古以来,我国就有“一言兴邦,一言丧邦”的说法。不少谚语如“良言一句三冬暖,恶语伤人六月寒”等流传至今。在说话时,总是自觉或不自觉地采取一定的策略或措施,目的都是为了使交际更顺畅,使自己的行为更符合社会规范。人们在进行言语交际行为时，除了要遵循合作原则之外，也需要遵循礼貌原则；为了礼貌可能需要违背合作原则。
