东方礼仪英语

One, two different diet idea Contrast notice "flavour" Chinese food, western is a rational diet idea. Whatever food color, fragrance, taste, shape how, and nutritional must be guaranteed, pay attention to how many calories a day to absorb vitamin, protein, etc. Even if taste machine-made, also must continue to eat -- because nutritious. This diet idea with western whole philosophy system is adaptable to. Metaphysics is the main characteristics of western philosophy. Western philosophy has been the object of study for what reason, what reason is often metaphysical academic, metaphysical academic mutual coherent, then form the metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy to western culture with life and make in natural science, psychology and methodology realized by leaps and bounds development. But in other ways, this kind of his philosophy greatly up side effect, such as the diet culture. In the banquet on, can exquisite tableware, exquisite makings, pay attention to service, exquisite cuisine of raw material of form, color aspect collocation; But no matter how luxurious high-grade, from Los Angeles to New York, steak is only a kind of taste, without art at all. As dishes, chicken is chicken, beef steak is steak, in spite of collocation, it is also in pan, a dish "French sheep row", while puts the mashed potatoes, beside lean on lamb chops, the other side cooked beans, add with some slices tomatoes becomes. On colour contrast, but in taste on various materials on each other, mediate, each is different flavour, simple and clear. Chinese people are very seriously "eat", "saying" the old adage that we eat to see more with the days just as important. Due to our national thousands of years in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so would have a unique eat to see everything diet culture, I think, this will probably be out of a survival needs it. If a cultural ate as the primary thing then will appear two phenomena: on the one hand may perceive this eat function to acme, not only survive, also use it to maintain a healthy, this also is the "diet cures more than the doctor" cultural basis; On the other hand, to eat excessively attention, can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit. In China, the cookery pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, that Chinese overseas to make a living, with open restaurant for a possession, and around the world has become our living fundamental! Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting food most fundamental nutrition value, many of our traditional foods are through hot Fried and long time slow cooked Tun to make the dish of nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. Therefore say to nutrition problems, actually gets to the biggest weakness of Chinese food culture. Folk have a saying "saying, food to taste first". Is this kind of delicious pursuit, but we ignore the real meaning of dinner. Chinese in tasting food, often can say this dish "yummy", that is "is not good;" However, if want to further ask what call "delicious", why "yummy", "yummy" where, I'm afraid it's not easy made myself clear. This shows that the Chinese to diet of pursuit is a kind of difficult to explain in words "mood", namely, use people say normally "color, aroma, taste and shape, implement" to the "state" materialize and I'm afraid is still difficult to cover it. The Chinese diet is has its distinctive charm, the key lies in its flavour. And delicious produced, is mixed, want to make food BenWei, heating later ripe flavour, plus ingredients and accessories flavors and condiment harmonic of flavour, interweave fusion coordinated together, make the complement each other mutual infiltration and cozy, we are inseparable. Chinese cooking cultured harmonic beauty, is China culinary art the right place. Its shape and color is external things, and taste is the insides of, heavy internal and not decorate painstakingly appearance, the heavy food taste without getting too revealed dishes of shape and color, this is China's beautiful sex diet conception of the most important performance. In China, the beautiful sex pursue apparently diet, the diet overwhelmed the rational view and the traditional philosophy thought is matched. As eastern philosophy representing Chinese philosophy, its remarkable characteristics is macro, intuitive, fuzzy and unpredictable. Chinese food is mixed the method of making paper, is ultimately to ding concocted a good taste. The cultured is discretion is overall coordination. It contains rich Chinese philosophy thought of dialectics, everything with food taste of beauty, humorous is moved for degrees, degrees of protean determines the Chinese dishes rich and abound change, decided the Chinese cuisine cooking characteristics and even every cook characteristics. Second, the differences between Chinese and western diet object Westerners believe that food is to appease hunger, so only eating of meat, the entire block chicken "hard food." While Chinese cuisine is "taste", so the Chinese cooking, with makings also show great arbitrariness: many westerners as the outcast things in China are extremely good materials, foreign cook cannot handle things, to a Chinese chef hands, it can be changed decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in materials and randomness of the rich. According to western plants scholars of investigation, the Chinese eat the plants of the 600 many more than six times, western. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are ordinary food, volunteers only in holidays or the life level is higher, did not enter the normal diet, so since ancient times will have "vegetable food" say, food food in the usual diet dominant. Chinese with plants as the main dish, and has thousands of buddhist the advocacy of silk ties. Wisp million They viewed the animals as "creatures", and plants, "no spirit", so, advocated vegetarianism. Westerners about their country's food characteristic, feel more attention than China nutritional reasonable collocation, have relatively developed food industry, such as cans, fast food, although taste machine-made, but save time and good nutrition, so their country's human body is generally Chinese robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscles, But Chinese figure appears narrow thin, shoulder, color yellow qualitative short legs weakened. Someone according to the western diet object the obvious differences in this one characteristic, the Chinese call plants disposition, westerners called animal character. Third, the different ways of diet Chinese and western diet is very different ways, and the difference of national character may also be affected. In China, any banquets, whatever the purpose, will only have a kind of form that is what everyone round and round round, sharing a meal. Banquet with round, it from formally has created a unity, polite, altogether fun atmosphere. A table delicacies in the center, it is both a table people appreciate, tasting objects, again is a table of emotional communication medium. People drink a toast, mutual dishes for each other, persuaded dishes, the good things in front, manifests people between mutual respect, comity of virtue. Although from health perspective, means of this kind of food have obvious deficiency, but it meets our national "happy," the general state of mind, reflecting Chinese classical philosophy "and" this category in offspring thoughts influence, facilitate collective emotional communication, thus has difficult to reform. Western-style food and wine catering, although very important, but actually it is as setoff. The party is the core of companionship, through and conversation between neighbour guest, achieve the purpose of companionship. If the party fellowship sex and dance similar than, then may say that, Chinese style banquets like ballroom dancing, and banquet is like men's and women's dancing. Therefore, Chinese style banquet and banquet companionship purpose are obvious, only Chinese style banquet is reflected morely feast, and fellowship western banquet guests between adjacent more embodies in the companionship. With the Chinese diet differences between them more visibly of popular western buffet. This method is: will all food -- displayed, everyone need, need not fixed in his seat, eat, ambulate freedom, this way facilitate emotional communication between individuals, need not be all words on the table, but also showed westerners to personality, self respect. But each eat each, each interferes missing some Chinese chat huan jihs emotional appeal. So, in the final analysis or perceptual and rational differences. However, these differences seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese people with no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance, taste, and pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after SARS later. Also, people because more and more busy job, think Chinese food do up too much trouble, as to a hamburger and convenient. So in the diet differences were not too clear.

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我的QQ空间日志里有。

当今不同文化背景的人们彼此间的交往日益增多，密切的跨文化沟通是当今世界的一个重要特征。人类社会中，差异最大的两种文化传统是东方传统和西方传统。东方传统包括中国、日本、朝鲜、印度、新加坡等国家；西方礼仪见诸于美国、英国、意大利、德国和法国等国家。不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的社会制度构成的礼仪有一定的差异性。现代礼仪应遵守的原则之一，就是尊重的原则，要求在各种类型的人际交往活动中，以相互尊重为前提，要尊重对方，不损害对方利益；同时又要保持自尊。所以，我们应当了解跨文化礼仪的差异性，学会尊重不同文化背景下的礼仪习俗。一、东方礼仪的特点古老的东方以其富涵人情味的传统礼仪向世人展示了悠久的历史文化和无穷的魅力。（一）重视亲情和血缘（情感式）东方民族尤其信奉“血浓于水”这一传统观念，所以人际关系中最稳定的因素是血缘关系。当多种利益发生矛盾和冲突之时，多数人恐怕都会选择维护有血缘关系的家庭利益。有很多古语都反映出东方民族重视亲情和血缘这一特点，如：“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。”“父母在，不远游。”“人丁兴旺，儿孙满堂。”很多中国传统的大家庭，四世同堂，共居一室，家长维系着家庭中各个成员之间的关系，并具有绝对的权威性。家长终生操劳，从养育儿女到孙辈，甚至重孙辈，不仅不以为苦，反而自得其乐。这在西方人看来简直是不可思议。西方国家的家长，注重培养儿女的独立性和自理能力；儿女一旦成年，理所当然地要依靠自己的能力求生存。一则幽默讲出了中国人讲究孝道和亲情的特点：一群商人在一条船上谈生意。突然，船在行进时出了故障，渐渐下沉，客人只有跳水才能逃命。船长深谙世事，了解这些商人的文化背景不同，就采取了不同的方式分别说服他们。船长对英国商人说：“跳水是一种运动”，英国人崇尚体育，听罢即跳。他对法国商人说“跳水是一种时髦，你没看见已经有人在跳了吗？”法国人爱赶时髦，跟着跳下去。他对德国商人说：“我是船长，现在跳水，这是命令。”德国人纪律严明，服从命令听指挥。他对意大利商人说：“乘坐别人的船遇险可以跳水，但在我的船上不准跳。”意大利人多有逆反心理，不让他跳，他偏跳。对于非常现实的美国人，船长说：“跳吧，反正有人寿保险。”船长对中国商人则说：“你家里有80多岁的老母亲，你不跳，怎能对得起她老人家呢？”东方人重礼仪的表现：在中国的传统社会中，历来主张长幼有序，尊老敬师。在西方文化，特别是美国文化中，等级和身份观念比较淡薄。人际交往中，在称呼和交谈的态度上较少受等级和身份的限制，不像东方文化那样拘礼。熟人相遇一律以平等的“你好”表示问候。祖父母与孙辈之间、父母与子女之间、老师与学生之间都互相直呼其名。在亚洲文化中，不同辈分和身份的人意见不同时，常避免正面的冲突与争辩。中国人喜欢婉转的表达方式，以给对方保全“面子”。西方人，特别是美国人，在彼此意见不同时，坚持己见，常争论得面红耳赤，无所谓“面子”问题。美国学生在课堂上，常与老师争论问题，有些问题提得很尖锐。美国人认为，与老师争辩是正常的。而这种情况如果发生在中国，无论是老师和学生都会感到不自在。（二）谦逊、含蓄东方人谦虚、含蓄、委婉，西方人率直、坦诚。在送礼问题上的体现：东方人的表达——送礼方：“微薄之礼不成敬意，请笑纳。”——受礼方：“谢谢。”但不马上打开西方人的表达——送礼方：“这是我精心为你挑选的礼物，希望你喜欢。”或“这是最好的礼物。”——受礼方：当面打开，夸奖一番，以表示谢意和礼貌。在面对夸奖问题上的表现：东方人——表示谦虚西方人——Thank you .坦然接受（一位英国老太太夸奖中国导游小姐“你的英语讲得真好”，导游答“您过奖了，其实我的英语水平一般。”老太太表示不理解，认为导游每礼貌，“英语是我的母语，你说得怎么样我自然知道，难道我说得不对吗？”）（三）承认现实、满足现状在东方，为褒义、尊称。对“老”字心安理得认可，怡然自得的心态。在西方，独立意识强，不愿老，不服老。另外，在西方，老年人才更流行化妆，穿花哨衣服，而中国则认为这是“老来俏”、不雅观。（四）强调共性（整体性）东方人非常注重共性拥有，国民都有较强的民族感。日本尤其突出。东方注重集体主义、团队精神、凝聚力，强调组织的团结和谐，交往的目的以协调各种关系为重。如，日本的丰田汽车公司，经营管理充满家庭式色彩，富有人情味。人人以为集团谋事业出力而感到光荣。西方人提倡个性自由，崇尚个人力量，责任、义务分得很清楚，如家庭观念、孝顺老人、哺育孩子等。东方人强调整体性和综合性，而西方人则重视个体性。（五）礼尚往来礼是联系人际交往的媒介和桥梁。这里的“礼”，主要指礼物，其实礼物本身并不重要，重要的是渗透其中的情感。东方人讲究“来而不往非礼也”。送礼的名目繁多，除了重要的节日相互拜访需要送礼外，平时的婚、丧、嫁、娶、都可以作为送礼理由。（甚至，第一次见面认识：“初次见面，小小薄礼不成敬意”。）西方人一般不轻易送礼物给别人，除非相互之间建立了较为稳定的人际关系。二、西方礼仪的特点西方礼仪的产生与西方文明的发展有密切的关系。它萌芽于古希腊，形成于17—18世纪的法国，其间深受古希腊、古罗马、法兰西等国文化的影响。（一）简单实用（务实性）中国人在人际交往中进入正题之前，“预热”时间比西方人长；而英美人喜欢单刀直入，预热的阶段很短。中国人开场白或结束语多谦虚一番。开场白常说自己水平有限，本来不想讲，又盛情难却，只好冒昧谈谈不成熟的意见，说得不对的地方，请多指教。或者把这一套话放在结束语中讲。西方礼仪具有很强的务实性。西方人特别是美国人，在开场白和结束语中，没有这一套谦辞，而且这类谦辞使美国人反感：“你没有准备好就不要讲了，不要浪费别人的时间。”（比较直截了当，不拐弯抹角。）（二）崇尚个性自由讲求个人尊严、隐私神圣不可侵犯。（三）惜时如金西方人常随身携带记事本，记录日程安排，赴约须提前到达，至少要准时，且不会随意改动。（这一点德国人最为典型）西方人常将交往对象是否遵守时间当作判断其工作是否负责，是否值得与其合作的重要依据。西方人工作作风严谨，工作时间与业余时间区别分明，下班时间、休假时间不打电话谈论工作问题。（四）自由、平等、开放西方提倡人人平等，积极参与竞争，漠视家庭血缘关系。三、东方友谊与西方友谊的差异（一）范围与层次不同以中国人和美国人为例：中国人友谊关系有两种：（1）熟人（即由工作关系、邻居关系等认识的人）；（2）朋友（志同道合、互相帮助并在感情上依托的人，即亲密有深交的人际关系）。中国人一般熟人很多，但朋友不多。且一般多为同性，异性很少，有恋爱嫌疑。（一项调查显示，20%的日本人在订婚前没有较为熟悉的异性朋友。）美国人一般把友谊关系分为四类：（1）泛泛之交；（2）好友；（3）密友；（4）深交。美国人往往有许许多多的泛泛之交、好友和密友，且男性和女性兼有。深交友谊关系也包括男女两性，但数量较少，以志趣相投为基础。（二）深浅和牢固程度不同中国人与朋友的友谊关系一般比较长久，交上一个朋友需要较长时间，一旦成为朋友，友谊时间常可以持续终生。美国人交朋友快，忘朋友也快，彼此感情淡漠。美国人友好随和，世界上没有比结识美国人更容易的，但是与他们深交却最困难。从边面上看，美国人常常比其他国家的人都友好，这与其社会具有多种多样的文化和高度发达的经济有密切关系。（美国是一个流动的社会，据美国官方统计，一个美国人在一生中平均要搬21次家。美国人调换工作之勤，在世界上是独一无二的。由于美国人经常调动工作和搬家，他们对陌生人友好。然而，这种流动性又限制了人们建立深厚持久的友谊。）（三）交谈话题不同在朋友交谈的话题上，不同文化之间存在差异。东方人和西方人有很多都乐于接受的话题如业余爱好、节日、气候、国内外新闻、电影、书籍等。在西方，属于个人隐私的话题是不喜欢人问津的，如个人收入多少、钱怎么花、家里有多少存款、身上衣服用多少钱买的、个人健康、年龄、家庭状况等。美国学者古迪肯斯特和日本学者西田曾经研究了日本人和美国人在交谈话题方面的深化程度和范围。他们发现，在相互比较的37点上，有16点两国是一样的。差别是：美国人一般更多地谈论和深入到婚姻、爱情、约会、性和情感等问题。日本人则较多地谈及自己的兴趣和爱好、学校和工作、个人经历的事情、宗教以及钱财问题。还往往较多地谈论人的体态，并在这种话题上深入透彻地交谈。