jennyzhao701
非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
用法:
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
1、表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
2、表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
3、表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4、表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1、用作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。
2、用作条件状语
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3、用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4、用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,将两手交叉枕在脑后。
5、用作补充说明
We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
十年自己
非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1、用作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。
2、用作条件状语
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3、用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4、用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,将两手交叉枕在脑后。
参考资料独立主格结构_百度百科
丹丹5678
所谓“独立主格结构”的语法形式,简单的理解就是:在一个句子中,将本可以用从句的修饰成分改用非谓语形式的主谓结构表现出来,以使句子结构更加紧凑,从而避免使用复合句.或者将两个句子改用一个句子表达.例: The meeting being over,all of us went home.(原为两个句子:The meeting was over.All of us went home.—— 从句的谓语动词改成了现在分词.) Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all.(原为两个句子:Almost all metals are good conductor.Silver is the best of all.—— 同上) We shall play the match tomorrow,weather permitting.(从句形式为:We shall play the match tomorrow if weather permits.—— 同上) The job finished,we went home.(从句形式:Since he job was finished,we went home.—— 条件状语从句改成被动分词结构.) More time given,we should have done the job much better.(从句形式:If more time had been given,we should have done the job much better.—— 虚拟语气,条件状语从句改成被动分词结构.) . 比较有从句的复合句型,独立主格结构显然更紧凑,更适合书面表达.
黑白配late
独立主格结构,通过它的名字也可以看出只是一个结构,不能单独成句,又因为一个句子只有一个主语,可以把独立主格看作一个由逻辑上构成主谓关系的名/代词和非谓语动词组成的从句。
而这里的这个从句用来在句子中表原因,条件,时间,伴随….独立主格拥有状语从句的部分功能。先来一句每次考填句子都会考到的。
1、Weather permitting,we shall have a picnic tomorrow.这里面逗号前面的部分就是一个表条件的独立主格,也可以转换成If weather permits,.....
2、The wall just painted,he put on a board saying WET PAINT一定要注意一点就是独立主格不是句子!!逗号也不能作为一个句子的结束!所以在没有连词的情况下不能写完整的句子(the wall was painted )但要是有连词because 就可以写成原因状语从句:because the wall was just painted,.....
3、His work done,he hurried home.应该注意的点和上面一样,而这个结构可以改写成时间从句:After his work had done,...
其实我前面说,可以把独立主格结构看成名词和非谓语动词组成的从句的说法只是为了便于理解,并不准确,也可以没有非谓语动词,例如4、She sat in the back of the classroom,eyes wide open.
5、Gold Medal in hand,he felt more than proud.
4、5两句中的独立主格有两个共同点,都是表示伴随,都不包含非谓语动词。其中句4是用名词加形容词表示睁眼这一状态,句5用名词medal后加介名in hand替代了holding。
最后,多数独立主格前可以加一个with,这种用法叫做with 的复合结构,这也是高考考点。
独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中作状语,多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
天津的明
一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,独立主格结构的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如: 1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。) 2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。) 3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去,脸色煞白。) 独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如,上述例句可变为: 1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance. 2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm. 3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale. 二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式 独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式,即名词/代词+分词(短语)外,还有如下特殊构成形式。 1.名词+介词短语 1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花,迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。) 2)Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back.(每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。) 2.名词+形容词(短语) 1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。) 2)The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping away the snow,his hands numb with cold.(那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板,现在他正在扫雪,手都冻麻了。) 3.名词+副词 1)This little excitement over,nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(一阵小小的兴奋过后,除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外,别无它事可干了。) 2)This intermezzo over,he found himself surrounded by several stunning, porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(这曲子过后,他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。) 此外,with常常用在独立主格结构前,构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义,因而常可省略。请看例句: 1)With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪,健壮的身体猛扑在门上,轰隆一声把门撞开了。) 2)The traffic inched along,with horns honking.(汽车缓慢地向前挪着,喇叭声不断响着。) 三、独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。 1.作时间状语 1)My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.=After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。) 2)The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.=While the governor was pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.(总督思考这个问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。) 2.作条件状语 1)Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.=If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。) 2)Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.=If such is the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。) 3.作原因状语 1)The storm drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.=Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.(由于暴风雨即将来临,那个挖土小工决定收工。) 2)The Cossack being intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.=Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.(这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着,所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝,那是一个机关的起动装置。) 4.作伴随状语 1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.=I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿着车票还有我的奶酪,雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。) 2)He would appear in the doorway,gray fedora pulled low over his face,his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble.=He would appear in the doorway.A gray fedora was pulled low over his face,and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble.(他常常出现在门廊里,一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸,眼睛扫过整个房屋,寻找滋事的迹象。) 四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略 独立主格结构是一常考项目,在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如: 1)All flights ______ ,we decided to take a greyhound. A.were canceled B.had been canceled C.having canceled D.having been canceled 2)The production ______ steadily,the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up 此类题型的解题策略可以概括为"结构分析法",即首先分析句子结构,判断句子缺少的成分,同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词,是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词,则可对选项部分作如下初步判断:1)选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句(但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导);2)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语(但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语);3)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构(独立主格结构有自己的主语,并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子)。初步判断后,即可联系句子,对照选项,作出选择。 上述例题1)中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子,但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导,与主句之间也无连接词,因而是错误的,应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构,作原因状语,但根据题意,应选D,因为"班机"是"被取消"的。 同样,例题2)中的选项A和B与名词the production构成了句子,但该句无连接词连接两个句子,因而应排除。选项C和D与the production都可构成独立主格结构,作原因状语,但根据题意,"产量在稳步增长",在逻辑上是主谓关系,应用主动语态,所以应选C。 此外,独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中,并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见,掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。