前言用英语怎么说

1.preface foreword introduction 2.premise

前言（序言）用英文表达有五种形式： 1、preface[ˈprefəs]，序言，引语；开端，前奏；[宗]（弥撒的）序诵，序祷； 2、introduction [ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn]，介绍；引言，导言；采用，引进；新采用的东西； 3、foreword [ˈfɔ:wɜ:d]，前言，序（言）； 4、exordium [eksɔ:dɪəm]，（讲话论文等）开端，绪言，绪论； 5、preliminary remarks [prɪˈlɪmɪnəri rɪma:ks]，序言，开场白。

.premise

翻译： 英语 » 中文 Chlorocholine chloride (2-chloroethyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride,CCC) is an anti-gibberellin growth retardant,its mechanism is based on the restraint of the gibberellin biosynthesis in plant tissues.It is well known that CCC induces changes in the growth rate of grasses and the morphogenesis of potato plants cultured in vitro (Aphalo et al.,1997;Bandara et al.,1998;Luoranen et al.,2002). Attention has been paid in recent years to chlorocholine chloride (CCC) used widely in agricultural industry,especially increase potato tuber yield and quality, prevent wheat lodge and cotton growth like mad (Cao et al.,1997; Yamamoto and Nakata,1997;Caldiz et al.,1998).However the effects improved potato yield by CCC are not incarnated adequately. Many researchers have studied the effects of CCC on the different aspects of photosynthesis of potato,such as carbohydrate composition and activities of sucrose metabolising enzymes (Sharma et al.,1998; Sharma et al.,1998; Liu,et al.,2005).Leaves of high-yielding potato usually have high chlorophyll content and higher net photosynthetic rate and longer functional leaf period (Dyson et al.,1965;Geigenberger et al.,2004).CCC was found to decrease the growth of stems,leaves and stolons,but promotes tuberisation in potato (Kumar and Wareing,1974;Menzel,1980;Nemchenko et al.,1981; Hussain et al.,2006.).CCC also promote tuberisation in potato plants growing under non-inducing long day conditions and completely reversed the inhibitory effect of high temperature on tuber production (Pruski et al.,2001;Tekalign and Hammmes,2004).CCC treatment effectively increased tuber yield under different salinity levels (Silva et al.,2001).These effects of CCC were suggested to be the modification of the carbohydrate metabolism and the relation between source and sink of plants (Deng and Prange,1988).But the effects of CCC on photosynthesis of potato leaf and its photosynthetic productivity were poorly understood (Jansen et al.,2001;Navrátil et al.,2007).Yet very few attention focused on the effects of CCC on transport and distribution of photoassimilates in potato.Therefore,it is important to study the effects of foliar spray of CCC on the photosynthetic characteristics of potato leaves, transport and distribution of 14C -photoassimilates in potato such as 14C-soluble sugar and 14C-starch with 14CO2 isotopic tracer technique.To our knowledge,these effects have not been systemically studied. The goals of this study were 1) to study the effects of CCC on photosynthetic characteristics,2) to compare the photosynthatic capacity,especially transport and distribution of 14C -photoassimilates in potato such as 14C-soluble sugar and 14C-starch after treatments with CCC in potato plants, 3) to discuss the relationship between source and sink regulated by CCC, and 4) to provide a theoretical basis for CCC application in the high-yield and good-quality cultivation of potato.翻译: 矮壮素（ 2 - chloroethyltrimethyl氯化铵， CCC认证）是一种反赤霉素增长阻燃剂，其作用机制是基于约束的赤霉素合成的植物tissues.it是人所共知的中华基督教会诱导的变化，增长率草形态发生马铃薯植物细胞体外培养（ aphalo等人， 1997年; bandara等人， 1998年; luoranen等人， 2002年） 。注重在近年来矮壮素（ CCC ）的广泛使用在农业产业化，特别是增加马铃薯块茎产量和品质，防止小麦投诉和棉花生长的疯狂（曹等人， 1997年;山和中田英寿， 1997年; caldiz等人， 1998年） ，但效果改善，马铃薯产量由中华基督教会都没有充分体现。 许多学者研究的影响， CCC对不同方面的光合作用，马铃薯等碳水化合物的组成和活动metabolising蔗糖酶（夏尔马等人， 1998年;夏尔马等人， 1998年，刘等人， 2005年） 。叶片的高产优质马铃薯通常有高叶绿素含量和较高的净光合速率和较长的叶片功能期（戴森等人， 1965年;盖根贝格尔等人， 2004年） 。中华基督教会被发现，以减少增长，茎，叶和匍匐茎，但促进tuberisation在马铃薯（ Kumar和wareing ， 1974年;门泽尔， 1980年; nemchenko等人， 1981年;侯赛因等人， 2006年） 。 CCC认证，也促进tuberisation在马铃薯植物生长的非诱导漫长的一天的条件和完全扭转了抑制作用高温对块茎生产（ pruski等人， 2001年; tekalign和hammmes ， 2004年） 。 CCC认证治疗有效地提高了块茎产量下，不同盐度的水平（席尔瓦等人， 2001年） 。这些影响的中华基督教会被建议要修改的碳水化合物代谢及关系的源和汇的植物（邓小平和prange ， 1988年） ，但影响CCC对光合作用的马铃薯叶片及其光合生产力的了解甚少（扬森等人， 2001年; navrátil等人， 2007年） ，但很少注意力集中在影响CCC对运输和分配photoassimilates在potato.therefore ，这是很重要的影响进行研究叶面喷施的CCC对光合特性的马铃薯叶片，运输和分配为14 C - photoassimilates在马铃薯等14碳-可溶性糖和1 4C -淀粉与1 4co2同位素示踪t echnique.to据我们所知，这些影响尚未系统研究。 的目标，本研究1 ）的影响进行研究CCC对光合特性， 2 ）比较photosynthatic能力，尤其是运输和分配为14 C - photoassimilates在马铃薯等14碳-可溶性糖和1 4C淀粉后的治疗与中华基督教会在马铃薯植物， 3 ）讨论之间的关系，源和汇规管的CCC认证，和4 ）提供了理论依据CCC认证应用在高产量和良好的优质栽培马铃薯。

序言的英文：preface ['prefis] n. (书籍、演讲等的)序言，前言，绪言，引语，开场白introduction [,intrə'dʌkʃən] n. 前言，引言，序言；导论；(音乐的)序曲foreword ['fɔ:wə:d] n. (文章、杂志等的)序，序言，序文，前言，绪言，同近义词: introduction; perface英文preface、foreword都含“书的正式篇章开始之前的一段文字”的意思。preface 指“由书的作者或他人为该书写的序言或序文，它是与本书分开的一部分，用来解释写书的目的、重要性等，篇幅一般比foreward长”。 如:This book has a preface written by the author.这本书有作者写的序言。foreword 指“书的简短的序文”, 如:That book has a preface, not a foreword.那本书有序文, 没有前言。参考例句：1. The preface to this book is on the preceding page 前边一页是这本书的序言。2. To preface a Book By a life of the writer 以作者的生平作为一本书的序言3. In her preface she pours out vials of wrath on her detractors. 在序言里她对她的诽谤者表示愤慨。4. This Book has a preface written By the author. 这本书有作者写的序言。5. This foreword of the book is writed by a famouse writer . 这本书的序言是由一个著名作家写的。6. The preface is complete in itself. 这前言本身就是完整的。7. The accident was the preface to a great scientific discovery. 这一偶然事件成了一项重大科学发现的开端。8. Can you please preface my book? 你能给我这本书作序吗？9. The preface of the book includes an account of the author's life. 该书前言记述了作者生平。10. Jame's prefaces are always important . 詹姆斯小说的前言总是重要的。11. The introduction explains how the chapters are organized . 前言部分说明各章的怎样组织。12. In his preface hawthorne seeks to explain the attraction that italy has for the writers of romances . 霍桑在前言中试图阐明意大利对传奇作家的吸引力。