礼仪英文版原版

中国餐桌礼仪人们总是以为，家居讲的只是装饰、家具等家居的元素而已。其实，我们的家就是我们的生活，家居包括了生活的方方面面，家居的改变缘于生活态度与观念的转变，体现国人素质。同样，餐桌上的礼仪也能体现出个人的素质与品位。而且中国人一定要对中国人繁杂的餐桌礼仪了解一二，才能不愧对我们数千年的历史与文明，才不至于贻笑大方。 餐桌礼仪在中国人的完整生活秩序中占有一个非常重要的地位，他们认为，用餐不单是满足基本生理需要的方法———也是头等重要的社交经验。为此，掌握某些中式餐饮规则的知识便显得特别重要了，无论你是主人，抑或只是一位客人，都必须掌握一些规则。 ●圆形餐桌颇受欢迎。因为可以坐更多人，而且大家可以面对面坐，一家之主的身份并不像西方长形餐桌上很清楚地通过他的座位而辨认。客人应该等候主人邀请才可坐下。主人必须注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位。此为一大忌。 必须等到所有人到齐才可以开始任何形式的进餐活动———即使有人迟到也要等。一旦大家就位，主人家便可以做开场白了。进餐期间，主人必须承担一个主动积极的角色———敦促客人尽情吃喝是完全合理的。 ●一张典型中式餐桌看上去相当空，在西方人眼中尤甚。每张座位前可见放在盘上的一只碗；右面是一组筷子与汤匙，分别放在各自的座上。在正式场合上，会出现餐巾，主要放在膝上。中国古今餐桌礼仪餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知，至少在周代，饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度，特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪，自有一套程序：主人折柬相邀，临时迎客于门外。宾客到时，互致问候，引入客厅小坐，敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席，以左为上，视为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座。客人坐定，由主人敬酒让菜，客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究：应先敬长者和主宾，最后才是主人。宴饮结束，引导客人入客厅小坐，上茶，直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整，如山东、香港及台湾，许多影视作品中多有体现。清代受西餐传入的影响，一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流，使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则，第一主宾就坐于主人右侧，第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧，变通处理，斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行，先主宾，后主人，先女宾，后男宾。酒斟八分，不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统，先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上；上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主，上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜，不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序，更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此，餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全，使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。中国餐桌礼仪入门篇餐桌礼仪在中国人的完整生活秩序中占有一个非常重要的地位，他们认为，用餐不单是满足基本生理需要的方法———也是头等重要的社交经验。为此，掌握某些中式餐饮规则的知识便显得特别重要了，无论你是主人，抑或只是一位客人，都必须掌握一些规则。●圆形餐桌颇受欢迎。因为可以坐更多人，而且大家可以面对面坐，一家之主的身份并不像西方长形餐桌上很清楚地通过他的座位而辨认。客人应该等候主人邀请才可坐下。主人必须注意不可叫客人坐在*近上菜的座位。此为一大忌。必须等到所有人到齐才可以开始任何形式的进餐活动———即使有人迟到也要等。一旦大家就位，主人家便可以做开场白了。进餐期间，主人必须承担一个主动积极的角色———敦促客人尽情吃喝是完全合理的。●一张典型中式餐桌看上去相当空，在西方人眼中尤甚。每张座位前可见放在盘上的一只碗；右面是一组筷子与汤匙，分别放在各自的座上。在正式场合上，会出现餐巾，主要放在膝上。在正式宴席上，菜式的吃法很像放映的幻灯片，每一次一道菜。令人惊讶的是，米饭不是与菜式同上，不过可以选择同吃。由于菜式各有特色，应该个别品尝，而且一次只从碗中吃一种，不是混合品尝。不可用盘子吃，只能用碗。骨头和壳类放在个别盘中。不干净的盘子必须经常用清洁盘子替换。●除了汤之外，席上一切食物都用筷子。可能会提供刀*，但身为中国人，最好用筷子。筷子是进餐的工具，因此千万不可玩弄筷子———把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法，更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌———这正好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的。再有，不可用筷子在一碟菜里不停翻动，应该先用眼睛看准你想取的食物。当你用筷了去取一块食物时，尽量避免碰到其他食物。可能的话，用旁边的公筷和汤匙。吃完饭或取完食物后，将筷子放回筷子座。●一席中式餐饮如果没有茶便称不上正式了。为此，尽可能贮存不同品种的茶是明智的做法，确保最精明的品味也照顾到。有关茶的问题，应该注意几件关键的事。座位最近茶壶的人应该负责为其他人和自己斟茶———斟茶的次序按照年岁，由最长者至最年青者，最后为自己斟。当人家为你斟茶时，礼节上应该用手指轻敲桌子，这样做是对斟茶者表示感谢和敬意。用餐对于家居生活是头等大事，体现个人素质和品味眼睛看准食物才能动筷子斟茶的顺序很讲究，先长后幼，先女后男设宴原因有喜有悲中国人向来「以食为先」，饮食除了是满足人的基本需求，亦是秉承传统习俗，聚首饭桌前大快朵颐。设宴的原因可以是庆贺，也可以是哀痛。每逢农历新年、结婚、中国节日如中秋节等，中国人便会一家老少聚首饭桌前共贺佳节；但另方面，若有人离世，丧家会在葬礼完成后设“解慰酒”，宴请出席葬礼的亲戚朋友，向他们表示谢意，可见中国人十分重视聚首饭桌前分享喜乐与悲哀。灶君中国人不单止十分尊重吃的艺术及礼仪，甚至会敬拜由“火神”衍生而来的“灶君”，他们认为“灶君”能保佑厨房避开火灾及各种不幸事件之发生，每年农历十二月二十四日，各家都准备一顿美味佳肴祀奉“灶君”，包括一只完整的鸡、烧猪、多样蔬菜、饭等，以多谢“灶君”对他们过去一年的保佑。他们通常会把餐桌放置在“灶居”的面前，把佳肴放在桌上左方，供奉数个小时后才拿走食物。吃的礼仪与迷信有何关系？客人与传统的中国家庭同桌用饭，须尊重他们的文化、礼仪及习俗，用饭时注意不要触犯多样的禁忌，因为中国人认为饮食与个人命运几乎是息息相关的，用饭时犯了禁忌，便会惹来衰运。例如吃鱼，当吃完了一面鱼身，不要用筷子把整条鱼翻转至另一面，他们认为若翻鱼时弄破鱼身，便意味著渔船会翻沉，这是由於香港在开埠初期是一个渔港，渔民很关注船只的安全航行；此外，中国人从不会端上七碟菜肴用饭，因为葬礼后的“解慰酒“须有七碟菜肴；不可用筷子垂直插入碗饭的中央，因这样有点像在拜祭祖先；用饭后不可说“我吃完饭了”，这意谓自己已死去，不会再有机会吃饭，而应该说“我吃饱了”；吃饭时避免筷子触碰饭碗而发出声音，这不单止是不礼貌，亦意味著「无饭吃」；要培养吃光碗中饭的习惯，一粒饭也不可剩余在饭碗，否则将来的太太或丈夫是「痘皮脸」的，亦不尊重辛劳耕种的农夫。这些迷信的饮食习俗流传至今，或多或少仍然成为中国人的饮食礼仪。用餐俗例在饭食方式方面，中国人与西方人有点不同，西方人喜欢各自品尝放在自己面前的食物，中国人则有一定的用饭规例，他们喜欢叫数碟佳肴，放在饭桌的中央位置，各人有一碗饭共同配�这数碟菜肴，饭吃完可再添；夹起的菜肴通常要先放在自己的饭碗中，直接把菜肴放入口是不礼貌的；依照惯例，客人出席正式或传统的晚餐，是不会吃光桌上的菜肴，以免令主人家误以为菜肴预备不足，因而感到尴尬。餐桌摆设日常饭食的摆设是在各座席摆上一个饭碗、一双筷子、一只汤匙、一碟调味酱，用饭后通常会给客人一条热毛巾，代替纸巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同时端上餐桌中央，各人用自己的筷子直接从各碟共享的菜肴夹取食物；汤水一大锅的端上，各人同饮一锅汤。客人用饭时绝对可以来一招「飞象过河」，夹取放在远处的菜肴。由於中国人喜欢全体共享菜肴，他们的餐桌大多数是圆形或方形，而不是西方人多用的长形餐桌。怎样叫一顿中式饭先叫一个冷盘以刺激食欲，接著叫一锅清汤，热汤有助增加体温，喝过热汤后便开始品尝主菜，通常按照自己的口味叫主菜，但必要叫一碟十足辣味的菜肴，才算得上为一顿合宜的中式饭，以辣味菜肴配�清淡的白饭，使菜肴辣而温和，白饭淡而香浓；一顿饭的压轴食品是甜点，通常是甜汤，如红豆沙、芝麻糊等，亦有其他种类，如布丁、班戟、雪糕等，同样香甜可口。吃的方式要待热汤变凉一点而入口时又不失汤味，应用汤匙一小口抿出声的饮；至於吃饭，要提起饭碗贴著唇边，用筷子把饭粒推入口里，这是一个最容易的吃饭方法，亦表示喜欢吃那顿饭；若吃饭时不提起饭碗，即表示不满意饭桌上的菜肴。宴会中国人很少在日常用饭时喝酒，但酒在他们的盛宴上则担当重要的角色。在宴会开始时，主人家必先向客人祝酒，这时客人的饮酒兴致便油然而生，啤酒或汽水都可用来祝酒，要先为别人添酒或汽水，后为自己添加，才合乎礼仪，且要添至近乎满泻为止，以表示尊重对方及彼此友谊，而主人家要尽情灌醉客人，才算合乎礼仪。若你不想饮酒，应在宴会开始时便表明，以免出现尴尬的场面。

1. Meeting and Greeting People1) GreetingThe simplest thing to say is "Good morning," "Good afternoon'" or "good evening." This greeting is given to one whom you know only slightly, or to any one you are passing quickly. "How are you" is usually used when you are not in such a hurry. No answer is expected other than " Fine, thank you." "hello' is the commonest form of greeting between good friends. 2) When a Man Raises His HatIf you are wearing a hat which can be taken bold of easily, it is customary to raise it slightly off your head when you greet a girl or a woman.3) When to Shake HandsIt is customary to shake hands when you first meet someone. And usually friends shake hands when they meet after not having seen each other for some time. However it is not necessary to shake hands.4) Use the person's NameIt is always good form to use the name of the person you are greeting. You might say, "Good Morning, Mr. Moncrieff" or " Hello, Franklin.," A person's surname should be used unless he is good friend or school-mate.2. Introduction1) How to Introduce PeopleIn introducing two people, the general rule is: Introduce other people to the person you wish to honor. The old are honored in the West as in China. Women have been honoured in the West since the days of knighthood(骑士时代）.2) Rising at Introduction A man always rise for an introduction, except that it is sometimes all right for an elderly man to remain seated when a young man is introduced to him. The hostess always rises for an introduction.3) Introducing YourselfIf you want to meet someone, it is better to ask a friend who know him to introduce you. But sometimes at a meeting or gathering it is all right to introduce yourself to a fellow-student, or to one of the same sex and position.3. Invitation1) You Must Reply to an Invitation Foreign custom is much more strict than Chinese custom in the matter of replying to invitations. When you receive an invitation you should answer it immediately, saying definitely whether you are able to accept it or not.2) Written or Verbal ReplyIf the invitation is given by word of mouth, in conversation or at a chance meeting, you should answer at once whether you can come or not. If you cannot give an answer at that time, you may say, "May I let you know this evening?" Or some such words.4. In the Home1) The Right Time to ArriveWhen invited to luncheon, dinner, or supper, it is very impolite to arrive late, as it is usually planned to have the meal at the exact hour given in the invitation.2) In arrivalWhen you arrive, the hostess or some member of the family will probably meet you at the door and take your coat and hat. In the winter time you should dress more lightly than usually, as you may expect the rooms to be warmer than in most Chinese homes.3) In a few minutes the hostess will ask her guests to come in to dinner. She may or may not ask each gentleman to take a lady in. If she does, the lady will take the gentleman's arm as they walk into the dinning room. If she does not, the ladies will go in first, followed by the gentlemen. The hostess will either point out their seats to the guests as they come in or have a place card at each place with the guests name on it. 4) How Long to StayAfter the meal is over it is not polite to leave for at least half an hour, lest you seem to have come only for the meal. An evening dinner invitation usually implies that you stay for the whole evening. The hostess often plans some after-dinner entertainment.5) What to Say on LeavingWhen leaving any kind of a party, a guest always expresses his appreciation to the hostess. Some such words as these are appropriate. "Thank you so much. I've had a delight evening."5. Table Manners1) As soon as the hostess picks up her napkin(餐巾）, pick yours up and lay it on your lap. Sometimes a roll of bread is wrapped in it; if so, toke it our and put it on your side plate.2) The Soup CourseDinner usually begins with soup. The largest spoon at your place is the soup spoon. It will be beside your plate at the right-hand side.3) The Fish CourseIf there is a fish course, it will probably follow the soup. There may be a special fork for the fish, or it may be similar to the meat fork. Often it is smaller.4) The Meat CourseThe main Course is usually served by the host himself, especially if it is a fowl(鸡禽） or a roast which need to be carved. He will often ask each guest what piece he prefers, and it is quite proper to state your preference as to lean or fat, dark（红肉） or light（白肉）.5) Using Knife and ForkIf you have English and American friends you will notice a few differences in their customs of eating. For the main or meat curse, the English keep the fork in the left hand, point curved downward, and bring the food to the mouth either by sticking the points onto it or in the case of soft vegetables, by placing it firmly on the fork in this position with the knife. Americans carve the meat in the same position, then lay down the knife and taking the fork in the right hand with the point turned up, push it under a small piece of food without the help of the knife and bring it to the moth right-side-up.6) Helping Yourself and RefusingIf a servant passes food around, he will pass the dish in at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with your right hand. Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right; it is then the turn of your neighbor on the right. It is polite to take some of everything that is passed to you. But if there is something you may not like, you may quietly say: "No thank you."7) Second HelpingsThe hostess may or may not ask if you would like a second helping, according to the formality of the meal. If she does and you accept it, you should pass your plate to her or to the servant with the knife and fork still lying on it.8) The Salad CourseA salad is eaten with a fork only held in the right hand with points turned up. There is usually a special one for the salad, a little smaller than the meat fork.9) Bread and ButterBread is taken in the fingers and laid on the side plate or the edge of the large plate, it is never take with a fork. Butter is taken from the butter dish with the butter knife and placed on the side plate, not on one's bread.10) Other Things on the TableWhen there are things on the middle of the table, such as bread, butter, jelly, pickles, nits, candies, you should not take any until the hostess ahs suggested that they be passed.11) Leaving the TableIt is impolite for a guest to leave the table during a meal, or before the hostess gives the signal at the end. When the hostess indicates that the dinner is over, she will stat to rise from her seat and all the guests she rise from theirs at the same time.12) Various rules and SuggestionsSit up straight on your chair; Do not put much food in your mouth at a time; Drink only when there is no food in your mouth; Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out; Do not make any nose when you eat; Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick(牙签）, not even with you tongue.6. In School1)Greeting the Teacher If you are in a very large class, it may not be necessary to greet the teacher on arriving, but it is always quite proper if you happen to catch the teacher's eye as you enter.2) Coming LateIt is bad manners to come late to class. If you are unavoidably late an apology should be made to the teacher either at the time or after class.3) Talking in Class It if bad manners in the schoolroom, as elsewhere, to talk while anyone else is taking.7. In Public Places1) Traffic LawsThe coming of the motor car made definite traffic law and regulations a practical necessity. To obey these law is not so much a matter of curtsey(礼貌） as a moral obligation（义务）.2) For People WalkingPeople walking should keep to the sidewalks and should keep to the right of the sidewalk.3) The TheaterThe theater proper is more formal than the movies. At the theater best clothes are in order; evening clothes are often worn.4) The MoviesThe movies are more informal. Any kind of respectable clothes may be worn, and small confection(糖果） may be eaten quietly as long as there are no objectionable noses to annoy one's neighbors.5) In ChurchIt is usual for anyone attending church to take some money along for the offering, as it is a regular part of every church service and is used for the work of the church. Good clothes, but never evening clothes, are worn to a church service.8. Special Occasions1) BirthdayBirthday in the West, as in China, are considered occasions for congratulations and sometimes for gifts from near friends.2)The WeddingIf one receives an announcement of a wedding after it is over, a note of congratulation may be sent, but a gift is not necessary.3) The FuneralFunerals, of course, are always sand, but the tendency in Western countries is against making any show of one's feelings at the funeral. The idea behind this is that the person dead would wish this last meeting of his friends in his honor and remembrance to be full of tender, happy recollections of his life.9. With Strangers and Friends1) Lending and borrowing are more matters of principle in the West than in the East. Things borrowed in the West are definitely expected to be returned, whether it is fifty dollars or merely a friend's pencil.2) Don't Be CuriousIt is impolite to be curious about the private affairs of others, such as age, salary, religion and marriage.3) Thanks for GiftsWhen some one gives you a present, it is very impolite to neglect thank him for it. 4) One Hand OnlyIn china we use two hands when giving something to a person, or when receiving it, if we want to be very polite. In the West this would seem awkward and impolite.