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The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The most well-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'. The pharaoh Khufu, like the pharaohs before him, began planning his 'house of eternity' as soon as he took the throne. A spot was chosen for building on the west bank of the Nile. Cemeteries were usually built on the west bank because the sun 'died' on the western horizon every nightKhufu's architects were wise and experienced men. They knew the importance of building the pharaoh's final resting place so that its sides faced directly north, south, east and west. They planned a large pyramid- the largest one ever built in ancient Egypt. The outlines of the pyramid were measured and marked in the desert sand. Then the building began. Large blocks of stone were cut from quarries nearby. They were dragged by groups of men across the desert to the site of the pyramid and set in place. Most of the workers were farmers who worked on building the pyramid during the flood season when their fields were under water. After the first level of blocks was in place, the workers built ramps of mudbrick, limestone chips and clay. The workers dragged the large stones up the ramps to build the next level of the pyramid. For about 20 years, hundreds of men worked on building the pyramid. As they built each level, they also built up the ramps around the pyramid. When the pyramid was almost finished, a special block covered in shining metal (either gold or electrum) was placed on the top of the pyramid. Then, blocks of white limestone from quarries across the Nile were used to cover the pyramid. The blocks were trimmed to make the outside of the pyramid smooth. Finally, the pyramid was finished. Khufu's pyramid was only part of the complex built for him at Giza. This complex had many different parts: Three pyramids for Khufu's queens. Several deep pits containing boats that had been buried. A mortuary temple where Khufu would be worshipped after he died. A causeway leading from the pyramid complex down to the valley temple. A valley temple where the pharaoh's funeral would begin. A small 'satellite' pyramid. The mastaba tombs of nobles. To find out more about the pyramid complex, see 'Explore'.
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The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids — huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the world's largest constructions. The age of the pyramids reached its zenith at Giza in 2575-2150 B.C.[6] As of 2008, some 135 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt.[7][8] The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. Until Lincoln Cathedral was finished in AD 1311, it was the tallest building in the world. The base is over 52,600 square meters in area. While pyramids are associated with Egypt, the nation of Sudan has 220 extant pyramids, the most numerous in the world.[9]The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is the only one to survive into modern times. The Ancient Egyptians covered the faces of pyramids with polished white limestone, containing great quantities of fossilized seashells.[10] Many of the facing stones have fallen or have been removed and used to build the mosques of Cairo.Most pyramids are located near Cairo, with only one royal pyramid being located south of Cairo, at the Abydos temple complex. The pyramid at Abydos, Egypt were commissioned by Ahmose I who founded the 18th Dynasty and the New Kingdom.[11]The building of pyramids began in the 3rd Dynasty with the reign of King Djoser. Early kings such as Snefru built several pyramids, with subsequent kings adding to the number of pyramids until the end of the Middle Kingdom. The last king to build royal pyramids was Ahmose, with later kings, afraid of looting, deciding to hide their tombs in the hills, like in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor's West Bank.[11]In Medinat Habu, or Deir el-Medina, smaller pyramids were built by individuals. Smaller pyramids were also built by the Nubians who ruled Egypt in the Late Period, though their pyramids had steeper sides
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A pyramid is any three-dimensional structure where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point. The base of pyramids are usually quadrilateral or trilateral but generally it can be any polygon shape), meaning that a pyramid usually has three or four sides but theoretically there is no limit to the number of sides a pyramid can generally have lots more sides. But all pyramids must have trilateral sides. The measurements of these triangles uniformly classify the shape as isosceles and sometimes equilateral. A pyramid's design, with the majority of the weight closer to the ground, means that less material higher up on the pyramid will be pushing down from above. This allowed early civilizations to create stable monumental structures. For thousands of years, the largest structures on Earth were pyramids: first the Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the only remaining Wonder of the World.
大花的大呆地
Pyramids are among the largest man-made constructions as well as one of the great Wonders of the ancient world. The most famous are the Egyptian pyramids — huge pyramids built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest man-made constructions, constitute one of the most potent and enduring symbols of Ancient Egyptian civilization. Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and the only one of the seven to survive into modern times. The ancient Egyptians capped the peaks of their pyramids with gold and covered their faces with polished white limestone, though many of the stones used for the purpose have fallen or been removed for other structures over the millennia. The putative inspirations for Egypt's pyramids are themselves a subject of ancient and ongoing debate. Some Egyptologists have seen King Zoser's Step Pyramid as a symbolic representation of ancient Egypt's stratified society. A more recent hypothesis by Patricia Blackwell Gary and Richard Talcott ("Stargazing in Ancient Egypt," Astronomy, June 2006, pp. 62-67) derives the shapes of the pyramid and of the obelisk from natural phenomena associated with the sun (the sun-god Re being the Egyptians' greatest deity). The pyramid and obelisk would have been inspired by previously overlooked astronomical phenomena connected with sunrise and sunset: the zodiacal light and Sun pillars, respectively.
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英语介绍金字塔
In addition to being breathtaking in its size, the pyramid is also known for its architectural prowess. There was no cement or any kind of adhesive between the stones in the tower, but one stone was stacked on top of the other. Each stone is so smooth that it has been worn for thousands of years.
Even so, it is difficult to insert a sharp blade into the gap between the stones, so it can last thousands of years without falling down. This is a miracle in the history of architecture. In addition, on the North Side of the Great Pyramid, 13 meters above the ground, there is a triangular entrance made of four huge stones.
It’s a clever use of the triangle, because if you use a quadrangle instead of a triangle, then the enormous pressure of the pyramid itself, which is more than 100 meters high, would collapse the entrance and exit.
作文翻译
金字塔除了以其规模的巨大而令人惊叹以外，还以其高超的建筑技巧而得名。塔身的石块之间，没有任何水泥之类的粘着物，而是一块石头叠在另一块石头上面的。
每块石头都磨得很平，至今已历时数千年，就算这样，人们也很难用一把锋利的刀刃插入石块之间的缝隙，所以能历数千年而不倒，这不能不说是建筑史上的奇迹。让人们叹为观止，另外，在大金字塔身的北侧离地面13米高处有一个用4块巨石砌成的三角形出入口。
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