教育类英文论文

EducationEducation in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.Etymologically, the word education is derived from educare (Latin) "bring up", which is related to educere "bring out", "bring forth what is within", "bring out potential" and ducere, "to lead".[1]Teachers in educational institutions direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects, including reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. This process is sometimes called schooling when referring to the education of teaching only a certain subject, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is also education in fields for those who want specific vocational skills, such as those required to be a pilot. In addition there is an array of education possible at the informal level, such as in museums and libraries, with the Internet and in life experience. Many non-traditional education options are now available and continue to evolve. Systems of formal educationEducation is a concept, referring to the process in which students can learn something:Instruction refers to the facilitating of learning toward identified objectives, delivered either by an instructor or other forms.Teaching refers to the actions of a real live instructor designed to impart learning to the student.Learning refers to learning with a view toward preparing learners with specific knowledge, skills, or abilities that can be applied immediately upon completion.Preschool EducationPrimary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, main education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[2] Under the Education for All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.Secondary educationIn most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university, vocational school for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1-13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession.The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created and the curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both the employer and the employee, because this improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment.Higher educationHigher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Higher education generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.Adult educationAlternative educationIndigenous education在最大的意义，教育是任何行为或经验，有一个心灵上形成的影响，性格或个人体能。在其技术意义上说，教育是社会的过程，从一代人故意传输其积累的知识，技能和价值观到另一个地方。 词源学，文字教育是从教育保育（拉丁）派生出来的“造就”，这是有关educere“带出”，“内带出什么”是“带出潜力”和ducere，“领导”。 在教育机构教师指导学生的教育，可能会借鉴很多科目，包括阅读，写作，数学，科学和历史。这个过程有时被称为上学时，指的是教学的教授通常只为某一个课题，在高等院校的教育。也有在教育领域，谁想要这些具体要求，如，职业技能是一个飞行员。此外，还有一个是在非正式的教育水平数组，例如可能在博物馆和图书馆，与互联网和生活经验。许多非传统教育的选择，现已并继续得到发展。 系统的正规教育 教育是一个概念，指的是过程，学生可以学到一些东西： 教学是指对确定的学习目标，无论是由导师或其他形式交付便利。 教学是指一个真正的生活，旨在向学生传授学习教练的行动。 学习是指与一对准备与具体知识，技能，或可用于完成后立即查看学习能力的学习者。 幼儿教育 小学（或小学）教育由5-7首次正式，结构化教育。一般来说，主要包括教育，在五，六，虽然这之间不等，有时内，国家开始对6岁或8年的学校教育。就全球而言，约70小学适龄儿童入学％小学教育，这一比例上升[2]在教科文组织教育驾驶的所有方案。，大多数国家都致力于实现普及小学教育入学率在2015年，在许多国家，它是为儿童义务接受初级教育。中，小学和中学教育科是有点武断，但它通常在大约11或12岁发生。一些教育系统中有独立的学校，向发生在中学教育的最后阶段过渡大约在14岁。学校提供初级教育，大多是被称为小学。在这些国家的小学通常分为幼儿学校和初中。 中学教育 在世界上最现代的教育系统，中学教育包括正规教育，在青春期发生。它的特点是从典型的过渡义务教育，小学全面的未成年人教育，可选的，有选择性的成人高等教育，“大专”或“较高”教育（如大学，职业学校。根据系统，学校这段期间，或其中的一部分，可称为中学或高中，体育场馆，公立中学，中等学校，学院，或职业学校。任何对这些条款的确切含义不同从一个系统到另一个。之间的精确边界小学和中学教育也因国家而异，甚至在其中，但一般在对学校教育的第七次是第10个年头。主要是在青少年时期出现的中学教育。在美国，加拿大和澳大利亚一起小学和中学教育有时被称为K - 12教育，并在新西兰使用1-13年。中等教育的目的，可以给予常识，准备接受高等教育或专业培训，直接。 在美国中学教育的出现并没有发生，直到1910年，由于在大企业和工厂的技术进步引起的（例如，电气化）的出现，这需要熟练的工人。为了满足这种新的就业需求，创造了高中课程和实际工作技能，更好地准备白领或学生熟练的蓝领工作的重点。这被证明是为雇主和雇员有利，因为这导致人力资本改善员工变得更有效率，降低了雇主的成本，只收到了小学教育程度较高的工资比员工熟练的员工。 高等教育 高等教育，也叫三级，第三阶段，或专上教育，是在非义务教育阶段的教育水平，遵循了一个提供诸如高中，中等学校中学教育，学校完成。高等教育是通常采取的包括本科和研究生教育，以及职业教育和培训。学院和大学是提供大专教育的主要机构。总的来说，这些有时被称为大专院校。高等教育一般的结果是把证书，文凭或学位收据。 高等教育包括教学，科研和社会服务活动的大学，并在教学领域，它包括了大学本科水平（有时称为大专教育）和研究生（或研究生）级（有时称为研究生院） 。高等教育通常涉及建立一个学位程度或基础学位的工作。在大多数发达国家的人口（50％）高比例现在进入一些在他们的生活时间高等教育。因此，高等教育是非常重要的国家经济，既是一个重要的行业在它自己的权利，并作为培训和教育的人员为其他经济来源。 成人教育 另类教育 土著教育

《新时期下的小学英语教学方式研究》

【摘 要】小学英语教学必须有一套重要的教学方法。一个合格的英语教师，既要从理论上掌握教学方法，又应在实践中灵活地运用，善于在完成教学任务的同时，也要教会学生如何获得知识的方法。对英语教学方法的探究，必须从教师和学生两方面着手，作综合研究，这是小学英语教学改革的需要，也是当前开展素质教育的需要。

【关键词】小学英语;课堂教学;思考

提高课堂教学效率，实施有效教学是完成小学英语教学目标，提高小学英语教学质量的重要途径。广大小学英语教师要通过有趣、有用、有效的教学活动达到教学目标，有效促进学生的发展。

一、课堂教学活动要目标明确

新课程理念下，基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是：培养学生的综合语言运用能力，学生能够用英语做事情是课堂教学目标达成的主要体现。在小学英语课堂教学中，教师广泛采用贴近学生生活的，易于学生参与体验的任务型教学活动。而有些活动的教学目标指向性不强，甚至指向错误的教学目标。如，在一次听课中，有位教师在教学单词 Chinese book， English book， math book， school bag， notebook的拼写时，让学生用身体的运动写出单词的字母，有的学生显得很兴奋，而有的学生纯粹是在那里乱扭，甚至连字母都不拼读，只是觉得好玩，好笑。这样的活动看似热闹，但不能起到真正强化单词拼写的作用。像这样不能指向正确的教学目标的活动我们不能认为它是有效教学。

二、情境创设要真实便于操作，合理分配时间

新课程提倡创设真实、具有挑战性的开放的教学环境和问题情境。要求教师从学生的生活经验和已有的知识出发，创设生动有趣的教学情境，引导学生开展观察、操作、猜想、推理、交流等活动，使学生通过学习活动，掌握基本的知识和技能。创设符合教学内容贴近学生生活的真实的教学情境是小学英语课堂实施有效教学的重要途径。小学英语教学中，主要有借助实物和图像创设的教学情境，借助动作(活动)创设的教学情境，借助语言创设的教学情境，例如，在学习文具的词汇时，有的教师设计了利用 pen， pencil， pencil-case， eraser， ruler， crayon等实物或图片进行猜谜游戏，让学生猜书包中的物品;在学习“ At the zoo”话题时，教师设计了带学生参观动物园的情景，让学生口头描述他们所熟悉的动物，如 elephant， cat， dog， monkey， bear， tiger的特征，并能说 I like monkey。这些情境的创设都有利于学生在有限的时间内达到预期的学习目标，教学活动目标明确。然而，在现在的课堂教学中，尤其在一些展示课的课堂上，有些教师过于注重情境的创设，用大量的时间和语言创设情境。如，有位教师在教授“ My clothes”的内容时，设计了开服装店，买服装的活动。教师可以课前安排学生每四人一小组，分别在家里 draw一些服装 picture带到课堂上开展活动。但是在授课时教师首先教学生用纸和彩笔在课堂上制作 shirt，T-shirt， skirt， dress， trousers， sweater， jacket， vest， jeans， pants等图片，结果 35分钟的一节课，学生用了近 30分钟的时间制作 “clothes pictures”，最后教师仅在临下课前几分钟的时候，让学生用做好的“ clothes pictures”开展 clothes shop，进行对话练习。整节课的教学时间安排非常不合理，教师用了过多的时间进行了非针对教学目标的活动，使得课堂教学的效率大大降低。又如，有的教师在教“ in， under， on”方位词时，设计了捉迷藏的活动。教师精心地把教室布置成家庭房间的场景，有床、桌子、箱子等物品，一名学生蒙着眼睛猜另一名学生藏的地点。由于学生对活动的场景非常感兴趣，注意力不能集中到运用所学语言描述同学位置的教学活动中，并且由于活动场景的有限，每次只能有两名学生参与活动，使得该活动的效率大大降低。因此，教师在创设情境时，不仅要注重教学情境的真实性、趣味性，而且要考虑到活动的可参与性和效率性。

三、课堂教学语言应简单易懂

简单明了的指令语能够使教师讲的时间相对减少，学生实践语言的机会相对增加。教师在组织小学英语课堂教学活动时应尽量使用英语，这样可以创设浓厚的英语学习氛围，也能为学生提供更多的接触和学习英语的机会。小学英语课堂活动的英语指示语应当简单和明了。然而，由于小学生所掌握的英语语言知识有限，尽量使用学生能够理解的词句，必要时可以通过肢体语言或母语帮助学生理解，“TPR”最能让学生在“做中学”。如，教 big， small， short， long， tall等单词时，教师借助肢体语言进行教学演示，“big”两手张开画个大圈， “small”用两手指做个特别小的小圈等，学生很快就理解了这些单词的汉语意思，并且，学生也在一起跟老师做肢体语言表演时，感受到学习的乐趣，在他们脑海里留下了深刻的印象，也大大提高了课堂教学的有效性。

总之，实施小学英语有效课堂教学的技巧有很多。此外，小组活动、两人活动、合作学习、个别化学习、合理有效的评价都是实施有效教学的有效方式。