运动的起源英文

The Olympic GamesThe Olympic Games have a history of more than two thousand years. The Games are held every four years. There are five rings on the Olympic flag which are considered to symbolize the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and America. The Olympic motto is swifter, higher, stronger. Many countries try their best to hold the Olympic Games. Every country does its best to get more medals in the Games. In 2004, Athens held the 28th Olympic Games. Over one hundred countries joined the Games. We won 32 gold medals that year and came second in the Games. China, a large sports country, will hold the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. It is the first time for China to hold such an important match. We have no experience, but the people all over the country are participating in all kinds of activities and getting ready for it. Chinese people will give the world the best Olympic Games in history. It is also a good chance for China to show its strong national power to the world. Having the future in mind, we must study hard and try to be good at English.

held its first session of the congress, France's Robert. Covered Lin was elected first President. On April 14, 1905, the Football Association to join the International Football Federation. With football forecasts with the formation of soccer lottery developed

The Olympics of Ancient GreeceAlthough records cannot verify games earlier than 776 B.C., the contests in Homer's Iliad indicate a much earlier competitive tradition. Held in honor of Zeus in the city of Olympia for four days every fourth summer, the Olympic games were the oldest and most prestigious of four great ancient Greek athletic festivals, which also included the Pythian games at Delphi, the Isthmian at Corinth, and the Nemean at Argos (the Panathenaea at Athens was also important). The Olympics reached their height in the 5th–4th cent. B.C.; thereafter they became more and more professionalized until, in the Roman period, they provoked much censure. They were eventually discontinued by Emperor Theodosius I of Rome, who condemned them as a pagan spectacle, at the end of the 4th cent. A.D.Among the Greeks, the games were nationalistic in spirit; states were said to have been prouder of Olympic victories than of battles won. Women, foreigners, slaves, and dishonored persons were forbidden to compete. Contestants were required to train faithfully for 10 months before the games, had to remain 30 days under the eyes of officials in Elis, who had charge of the games, and had to take an oath that they had fulfilled the training requirements before participating. At first, the Olympic games were confined to running, but over time new events were added: the long run (720 B.C.), when the loincloth was abandoned and athletes began competing naked; the pentathlon, which combined running, the long jump, wrestling, and discus and spear throwing (708 B.C.); boxing (688 B.C.); chariot racing (680 B.C.); the pankration (648 B.C.), involving boxing and wrestling contests for boys (632 B.C.); and the foot race with armor (580 B.C.).Greek women, forbidden not only to participate in but also to watch the Olympic games, held games of their own, called the Heraea. Those were also held every four years but had fewer events than the Olympics. Known to have been conducted as early as the 6th cent. B.C., the Heraea games were discontinued about the time the Romans conquered Greece. Winning was of prime importance in both male and female festivals. The winners of the Olympics (and of the Heraea) were crowned with chaplets of wild olive, and in their home city-states male champions were also awarded numerous honors, valuable gifts, and privileges.The Modern OlympicsThe modern revival of the Olympic games is due in a large measure to the efforts of Pierre, baron de Coubertin, of France. They were held, appropriately enough, in Athens in 1896, but that meeting and the ones that followed at Paris (1900) and at St. Louis (1904) were hampered by poor organization and the absence of worldwide representation. The first successful meet was held at London in 1908; since then the games have been held in cities throughout the world (see Sites of the Modern Olympic Games, table). World War I prevented the Olympic meeting of 1916, and World War II the 1940 and 1944 meetings. The number of entrants, competing nations, and events have increased steadily.To the traditional events of track and field athletics, which include the decathlon and heptathlon, have been added a host of games and sports—archery, badminton, baseball and softball, basketball, boxing, canoeing and kayaking, cycling, diving, equestrian contests, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, judo and taekwondo, the modern pentathlon, rowing, sailing, shooting, soccer, swimming, table tennis, team (field) handball, tennis, trampoline, the triathlon, volleyball, water polo, weight lifting, and wrestling. Olympic events for women made their first appearance in 1912. A separate series of winter Olympic meets, inaugurated (1924) at Chamonix, France, now includes ice hockey, curling, bobsledding, luge, skeleton, and skiing, snowboarding, and skating events. Since 1994 the winter games have been held in even-numbered years in which the summer games are not contested. Until late in the 20th cent. the modern Olympics were open only to amateurs, but the governing bodies of several sports now permit professionals to compete as well.As a visible focus of world energies, the Olympics have been prey to many factors that thwarted their ideals of world cooperation and athletic excellence. As in ancient Greece, nationalistic fervor has fostered intense rivalries that at times threatened the survival of the games. Although officially only individuals win Olympic medals, nations routinely assign political significance to the feats of their citizens and teams. Between 1952 and 1988 rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, rooted in mutual political antagonism, resulted in each boycotting games hosted by the other (Moscow, 1980; Los Angeles, 1984). Politics has influenced the Olympic games in other ways, from the propaganda of the Nazis in Berlin (1936) to pressures leading to the exclusion of white-ruled Rhodesia from the Munich games (1972). At Munich, nine Israeli athletes were kidnapped and murdered by Palestinian terrorists. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), which sets and enforces Olympic policy, has struggled with the licensing and commercialization of the games, the need to schedule events to accommodate American television networks (whose broadcasting fees help underwrite the games), and the monitoring of athletes who seek illegal competitive advantages, often through the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The IOC itself has also been the subject of controversy. In 1998 a scandal erupted with revelations that bribery and favoritism had played a role in the awarding of the 2002 Winter Games to Salt Lake City, Utah, and in the selection of some earlier venues. As a result, the IOC instituted a number of reforms including, in 1999, initiating age and term limits for members and barring them from visiting cities bidding to be Olympic sites.

运动竞技是人们遵循人体的生长发育规律和身体的活动规律，通过身体锻炼、技术、训练、竞技比赛等方式达到增强体质，提高运动技术水平，丰富文化生活为目的的社会活动。体育运动是对于所有有组织或无组织参与，通过使用、维持或改进体能，为参与者提供娱乐的竞技性身体运动的总称。世界上共有上百种体育运动，其形式千差万别，有的只需要两人便可完成，有的则需要多人组队完成。体育运动通常被认为包含所有以体育家精神或身体协调能力为基础的活动，诸如奥林匹克运动会等大型体育赛事只允许满足此定义的体育运动进入，诸如欧洲议会等其他组织也把一些不含身体运动要素的活动排除出体育运动的概念中去。但是有一些具有竞技特点，但缺乏身体运动的活动也被认为属于运动，如脑力运动（mind sport）。国际奥林匹克委员会将国际象棋和桥牌都认定为是“真正的”体育运动，国际单项体育联合会总会SportAccord则将5种无身体运动的项目认定为体育运动，不过被认定为体育运动的脑力运动仍然为数不多。体育运动会有一系列的规则或传统，用以保证公平竞争，确保对于胜负裁决的一致性。确定获胜与否的可能是某一物理事件，例如射门得分或是首先跨过终点线，也可以是由裁判根据表现客观或主观性指标打分确定。在有组织的体育运动中，通常会有对于优秀表现的记录，一些热门项目中，这样的信息可能会在体育新闻中广泛报道。同时，体育运动对于非参与者来说也是一种娱乐方式，观赏性体育往往会吸引众多观众前往场馆观看，而且还通过转播触及到更广泛的受众。随着国际交往的扩大，体育事业发展的规模和水平已是衡量一个国家、社会发展进步的一项重要标志，也成为国家间外交及文化交流的重要手段。一个国家的体育发展水平由以下几个方面来衡量：人民的体质水平、体育普及的程度、体育的科学理论水平和体育设施状况、运动技术水平和最好的运动成绩等。体育可以分为大众体育、专业体育、学校体育、体育竞技等种类。包括体育文化、体育教育、体育活动、体育竞赛、体育设施、体育组织及体育科学等诸多要素。