夏雨落荷塘
1. 因果关系因:because、because of、for、as、since、in that、on account of、with果:so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。隐性因果:A 导致(因-果):cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、result in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce如:The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees。在这段话中,有lead to表示了导致的意思,即结果,而so that更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。B 由…而来(果-因):result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、be attributable to如:“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce。”在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。C 反映,体现(果-因):reflect、present、demonstrate、suggest、implyD 考虑到:given、considering、in view of、thanks to、according toHe succeeded thanks to(in view of) his effort。E 依赖于:rely on、depend on、resort toHe resorted to books when he had problems。F 条件关系:when、once、as soon as、As long asAs soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。G 分词短语,不定式做状语:Failing in the final exam, she cried。2. 对比转折关系A 对比:while、whereas、on the other hand在解释句子题、插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While、whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用来把握句间关系。B 转折:but、although、nevertheless、however转折是英语四级阅读的一个经典考点之一,掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。3. 比较关系A 同级比较 the same toB 比较级:more than、-er thanC 变化:change、alter、vary、modify、revise、increase、decrease、enhance、diminish、develop、progress、advance、improve、retreat、degenerate、continue、remainD 差异:different、distinguish、separate、same、similar、comparable、compare toE 超越:surpass、exceed、excel、overF 最高级,本身有最高级含义:maximum、minimum、peak、outstandingG 本身程度比较深:amazing、surprising、astonishing、prohibitivelyH 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him。从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。4. 否定关系显性否定:no、not、never、nor、none neither隐形否定:fail to、refuse、remove、mi、reject、aence of、lack of否定前缀:a-、ab-、dis-、il-、im-、in-、non-、un-否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。双重否定:not fail to、not illegal、not uncommon、not unavailable双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式,由于在平时中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。
空山青雨
英语文章中常见的逻辑关系 1.并列关系 and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as; 2.递进关系 also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed; 3.因果关系 because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason; 4.转折关系 but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately; 5.让步关系 although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow 6.列举(顺序)关系 first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the second place\finally, to begin with\ to continue, first……then, on one hand……on the other hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……still others; 7.对比关系 while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not….. but; 8.时间关系 when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time; 9.条件关系 if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with; 10.举例关系 such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely
clubsummer
托福阅读当中考查长难句的题型是句子简化题和句子插入题目,托福阅读考试一篇只有20分钟的时间。在这20分钟当中要完成14道题目,对于语法基础并不是很好的学生,会花费非常多的时间。对于这样的题目,如果学会迅速抓住句子之间内在的逻辑关系也是会非常快的做对题目,那下面我们就来总结一下,托福阅读当中常见的逻辑关系都有哪些?1. 否定明显: no, not, none, neither, never, deny隐含: fail to, absence from, lack of, refuse to, little, few否定前缀: a-, ab-, anti-, counter-, de-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mal-, mis-, non-, un-…否定后缀: -less, free-, proof-2. 并列and/or, like, likewise, equally, the same as, same/similar to, in the same wayboth…and…, neither…nor… as well as, not only…but also…/vice versa3. 因果明显:because, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so…that…, therefore, thus,hence.隐含:导致:in as much as, cause, lead to, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motive,prompt, be responsible to由于: derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate fromon account of, in view of, according to, rely on, depend on4. 条件明显: if, unless, as long as, in case that/of隐含: suppose/supposing that, providing/provided that, on condition that,except when=unless5. 比较明显: 比较级,最高级+than隐含: 最高意义:maximum, favorite, outstanding, top6. 转折明显:but, yet, however, though, although, even if, even though, while, whereas,nevertheless, despite, in spite of, instead, in contrast, contrast toon the contrary, different from, differ from, conversely隐含: for all;倒装+as;even+时间(even when)但不重要超隐含: 时间,空间,事物对比