米老鼠NANA
Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)时1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.1. 语态1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b) 宾补结构的被动语态: She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.2. 短语动词1) Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.2) Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4) Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their visits.5) Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7) Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.3. 省略1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2） 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3） 错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.
维尼蜜罐
大学英语四级常用语法精选大全
too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:
She was too young to understand all that.
enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:
She was not old enough to understand all that.
not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:
He's only too pleased to help her.
so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.
在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:
It's kind of you to think so much of us.
(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.
It's very nice of you to be so considerate.
It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
形式
完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.
He didn't mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice.
在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.
Excuse me for coming late.
I don't remember ever seeing him anywhere.
现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.
The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.
被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
He couldn't bear being made fun of like that.
但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.
My pen needs filling.
The point deserves mentioning.
This problem requires studying with great care.
在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.
Her method is worth trying.
2016年大学英语四级语法指导(4)
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected
watch 看电视用，看比赛用; see 看电影用;
感官动词watch， see， hear; 感官动词 + 名词(代词)+ do
be erected 强调的是动作的`结果; being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
2. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放弃; give in 屈服，让步; give off 释放，放出(烟和气体);
give away 泄露，走漏风声;婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程;赠送礼品。
3. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb. + 分词; inform v. 通知，告知; inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
4. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb. (注意要看整个句子); fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。 fight for 为…而战。
I fight with him. 我和他打起来了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩对付她。
5. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward
in spite of 尽管; carry on 坚持，继续。
6. I should like to rent a house， modern， comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.
A all in all B above all C after all D over all
all in all 总而言之;above all 首先，尤其是;after all 毕竟，终究;overall 全面的，总体的
in a word 总之，in short 简而言之，in conclusion 最后，总之，to sum up总之，总而言之。
7. _B_ we have finished the course， we shall start doing more revision work.
A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now
now that 既然，由于(相当于since); ever since 自从…以来。
与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式：
now that 既然，由于; in that 因为; except that 除…之外。
except后面加名词或代词;except that后面加句子。
8. What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.
A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to
be attached to 连接，附属; This school is attached to Beida. 这所学校附属于北大。
responsible to 对…负有责任; resistant adj. 反抗的，抵抗的; water resistant 防水的。
be contrary to 与。。相反(相违背)。
9. John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.
A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going
regret doing 后悔做过某事; regret to do sth. 遗憾的做某事(应用语境非常有限)。
10. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.
A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice
out of work 失业; out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着; out of practice 缺乏练习。
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