政府干预英文

1strenthen调节和监控 2enhance政府的入侵 3promote立法规定 4exercise…。审查制度实行综合治理 5increase介入 6work出一个框架的开发 7increase政府与公众之间的互动 8establish和完善社会保障体系 9give特别注意 10optimize社会资源的配置 我们的11map蓝图 12speed基础设施建设 13give充分发挥现有的设施 14impose一些限制 15increase投入进去 16arouse人们的意识 17take一些预防措施 18enforce当场处罚 19play大众媒介所扮演的角色 20take正确的指导和支持

Problems with the traditional model(传统行政模式的问题)There were four main problems. Firstly, the model of political control was inadequate and illogical. Secondly, one-best-way thinking was problematic. Thirdly, the theory of bureaucracy is no longer universally seen as providing the technical efficiency Weber thought it provided, and also tends to be undemocratic. Fourthly, there was criticism from the Right of the whole idea of bureaucracy as something that took away freedom and was inefficient compared to the market.公共部门与私营部门有何不同为何不同First, in a way not characteristic of the private sector, public sector decisions may be coercive. Secondly, the public sector has different forms of accountability from the private sector. Thirdly, the public service manager must cope with an outside agenda largely set by the political leadership. Fourthly, the public sector has inherent difficulties in measuring output or efficiency in production. Finally, the public sector's sheer size and diversity make any control or coordination difficult. 'Government' and 'governance'政府与治理的区别First of all, government is the institution itself, while governance is a broader concept describing forms of governing which are not necessarily in the hands of the formal government. Secondly,by governance, we mean the processes and institutions, both formal and informal, that guide and restrain the collective activities of a group. Government is the subset that acts with authority and creates formal obligations. Thirdly, Governance need not necessarily be conducted exclusively by governments. With globalization, governance is becoming more diffuse and there are many players. Fourthly, the concept of governance is appropriate for public management as opposed to the narrower concept of government. Good governance tries to do more than 'mere efficient management of economic and financial resources, or particular public services; it is also a broad reform strategy to strengthen the institutions of civil society, and make government more open, responsive, accountable and democratic民主的' 政府干预的四个工具Most government intervention can occur through four available instruments: (i) provision, where the government provides goods or services through the government budget; (ii) subsidy, which is really a sub-category of provision and is where the government assists someone in the private economy to provide government- desired goods or services; (iii) production, where governments produce goods and services for sale in the market, and (iv) regulation, which involves using the coercive powers of the state to allow or prohibit certain activities in the private economy. The use of these has varied over time and according to the particular government function.战略管理受哪四个原则的指导Strategic management (1) concern with the long term, (2) integration of goals and objectives into a coherent hierarchy, (3) recognition that strategic management and planning are not self-implementing, and most important, (4) an external perspective emphasizing not adapting to the environment but anticipating and shaping of environmental change. 论述Basic functions of government政府的七个职能*Providing economic infrastructure. Governments provide the basic institutions, rules and arrangements necessary for the satisfactory operation of a modern capitalist system. These include the definition and protection of property rights, the enforcement of contracts, the provision of a standard currency, weights and measures, corporate charters, bankruptcy, patents, copyright, the maintenance of law and order and the tariff system. *Provision of various collective goods and services. There are some public goods which are valuable to the whole society. Once provided for one, they are available for all. These include such items as national defence, roads and bridges, aids to navigation, flood control, sewage disposal, traffic control systems and other infrastructure.*The resolution and adjustment of group conflicts. A basic reason for the existence of government is the need to resolve or ameliorate conflict in a society in pursuance of justice, order and stability. This may include actions to protect the economically weak against the economically strong. Government may seek to replace exploitation with equity through child labour laws, minimum wage legislation, or workers' compensationprogrammes .*The maintenance of competition. Competition does not always maintain itself in the private sector and government action is often required to ensure that businesses do compete. Without government monitoring, the benefits of the free enterprise system would not necessarily appear. In the absence of suitable regulation, companies would be able to form cartels, restrict access to their products and fix prices.*Protection of natural resources. Competitive forces cannot be relied on to prevent the wasteful use of natural resources, to protect against degradation of the natural environment, or to care for the interests of future generations. Damage to the environment from market activity is the textbook example of externality and market failure. Only government can alleviate environ- mental damage.*Minimum access by individuals 个体to the goods and services of the economy. The operation of the market sometimes produces results that are cruel or socially unacceptable - poverty, unemployment, malnutrition - in their impact on people. Others because of illness, old age, illiteracy, or whatever, may simply exist outside the market economy. There is often disagreement over the level of assistance, the aggregate cost and particular programmes which may have some social costs.*Stabilization of the economy. There have always been fluctuations in the business cycle of the economy where boom conditions are followed by recessions. Government action may be able to alleviate these through the budget, or monetary policy or control over wages or prices. There is a public expectation that governments should act responsible and try to solve any problem.

examination ，test ，

1strenthen the regulation and monitoring 加强管理和监控2enhance the governmental intrusion 增强政府干预3promote legislative regulations 促使法令法规获得通过4exercise…. Censorship in a comprehensive way 运用...使其得到综合全面的审查。5increase the involvement of 增强....的参与6work out a framework of development 制定出发展的构架7increase interaction between government and the public增加政府与民众之间的交流互动。8establish and perfect the social security system 建立和完善社会保障制度9give special care to 给予...格外的关注10optimize social resources allocation 优化社会资源的分配11map our a blueprint of 绘制出一幅....的蓝图12speed up the construction of infrastructure 加快基础设施建设13give the full play of the existing facilities 充分利用现有的设施设备14impose some restrictions on 对...已于部分限制15increase the inputs in 增加在...的投入16arouse people’s awareness of 唤起人们对...的意识17take some preventive measures 采取一些可防御措施18enforce on-the-spot penalties 加强当场惩罚的力度19play the role of mass media 扮演大众媒体的角色20take proper guidance and support 采取恰当的指引和支持21impose heavier penalty on 加大对...的处罚力度22set down effective laws 建立有效的法律23use science and technology as the ultimate instruments to change the looks of 利用科学和技术作为改变....面貌的杀手锏24 place severe restrictions on 在...实行严格的限制25give sb a comprehensive person-to-person service 给...提供全面的一对一服务