大学英语听力论文

影响英语听力因素的分析论文

[摘要]本文研究了影响听力的主要因素，并且从影响听力的主要因素入手探讨了提高听力和理解能力的方法及途径。

[关键词]英语听力 影响因素 解决方法

听说在交际中占有重要的地位，人们的交流活动主要通过听说来进行，据美国保尔兰金教授统计，听在交际中占的比例最大，占人们日常言语活动的45%，听是人们在语言交际中的最基本的过程，只有捕获了信息，才能对信息做出反应，才能进行下一步深入的语言交流。

随着各类考试对听力测试的加强，人们对听力的重视程度也越来越高。那么怎样才能提高英语听力水平呢？我们首先要研究一下影响听力的一些主要因素。

一、语调和语流

汉字是象形和表意文字，单字单音，有阴平、阳平、上声、去声四个音调。英语是一种拼音文字，两者在语音语调上的差别很大。尤其是一些音在英语中存在，而在汉语中不存在。如：好多学生很难区分/v/与/w/的发音。

英汉两种语音系统在读音方面也存在着很大的差异，汉语中没有辅音结尾的现象，学生在学习英语语音时往往受母语影响，常出现词尾加元音、拖音的情况。产生语音迁移以及迁移程度大小与以下几个方面有关：（1）发音差别较大；（2）汉语中没有而英语中有的音。

二、音的变化

音的变化指的是英语单词在一个意群中的读音发生变化。音变主要包括连读、不完全爆破、增音、省音、同化等，这些音变的产生，对初学者的听力水平影响很大，因为初学者很难掌握这些发音规律。下面分别来讨论一下音变对听力的影响。

（1）连读同一个意群相邻的前一个词的词尾音常可以与紧接它的一个词的词首的音连起来读，这叫连读。它是一种很自然的滑音，连读必须是在同一意群中。主要有下面三种情况：

a．相邻的前一个词以辅音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，即：辅音+元音

b．相邻的前一个词以字母r结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这时，／r／要读出来，并与这个元音连起来念，即：r音节+元音

c．相邻的前一个词尾和后一个词的词首都是元音时往往可连读，即中间不停顿，听起来好像一个词，即：元音+元音

（2）不完全爆破

不完全爆破是指爆破音发音过程中失去爆破，爆破音的发音过程分为成阻—持阻—破阻三个过程，但是在有些情况下，这些爆破音在发音时只有前两个过程而失去破阻过程，叫做不完全爆破或者失去爆破，主要有下面几种情况：

a.爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音如:

She has a ba(d) cold.

b.爆破音在摩擦音前面时不完全爆破。如:

Irea(d) the book yesterday.

c.爆破音在鼻辅音前面时不完全爆破。如:

It ma(d)eme happy.

(3)省音。当单词中某个或某些音因受影响而不发音。

(4)同化。音的同化指的是一个音受到相邻的音的影响，使它变得与其相同或相似；或者两个音互相影响，变为第三个音。

三、播放材料的语速

听材料的播放速度会影响学生听的理解能力。在考试过程中，如果不能跟上朗读者的语言速度，学生就难以抓住材料的中心意思 。为此教师要对学生进行语速的训练，主要包括两方面：

(1)提高学生的朗读速度。如果学生语速太慢，就不适应较快的语速。

(2)多听适合稍高于学生语速水平的录音。

四、文学语言

文学语言往往要把表达的意思间接的表达出来，因而会影响学生对真正含义得理解，如明喻、暗喻、拟人、夸张、委婉语等。要克服这些文学语言在听力上的阻碍，就应该掌握英语当中的修辞手法。

五、同音词和多义词

同音词指发音相同意义不同的词汇，在听中，容易造成意义混淆。同音词由于发音相同而无法对单个词进行听力辨认，在口语交际中，解决这个问题的唯一办法是把握上下文的语言环境，因为只有语言环境能告诉听者该词的确切词义。在书面交际中，同音词对交流几乎没有影响，因为音同而形不同。多义词：一词多义是英语中常见的现象，也是影响听力的一个因素。有效的方法也是根据上下文的意思推测多义词的词义。

六、语音语调

学生自身的语音语调会直接影响学生的听力，普通话是中国人最容易理解的语言，一个讲普通话的`人肯定要比一个讲方言的人理解普通话更透彻。如果学生的语音语调不准确，不但使别人听着费劲，他自己对正确语音的辨别能力也会受到影响。因此，在教学当中要注意培养学生正确的语音语调。

七、技巧

掌握一些英语听力的技巧，会有助于听力的提高。因此教师要对学生听的技巧有意识的进行训练，包括：

（1）提高整体理解能力。

整体理解能力是训练学生抓中心大意的能力，要引导学生抓关键，抓中心。

（2）推断能力。无论是在日常交际中还是在考试中，学生都会遇到生词。因此，对生词的推断能力是学生不可缺少的基本功之一。为此，在教学过程中，应该把含有适量生词的材料给学生听，以此来培养他们语境断词的能力。

八、对所听材料的熟练程度

实践表明，学生对所听的到的材料越接近他们的生活，他们就越容易听懂。例如在《博学英语听说教程》第二册（复旦大学出版社）中有这样的习题：要求学生说出所听到的句子中所描述的人或者事物。

1．He is a person who maitains law and order. (a lawyer)

2. He is a person who helps you to lear at school. (a teacher )

因为学生对律师不如对教师更熟悉，因此，学生们对第二个题都能很快做出答案， 可是第一个就要思考一番。

九、英音和美音

英语语音语调最重要最常见的就是英音和美音，就语音的层面而言，学生必须了解这两种不同的读音。当然，学生应该把其中的一种作为学习的对象，但是，由于交际活动的复杂性，他们在实际学习生活中必然遇到不同的语音，这也就要求他们必须熟悉这不同的语音。因此，在教学过程中，教师要有意识的让学生去感受不同的语音，如有条件，学生还应该接触更多人士的英语发音。

总之，影响听力的因素是十分复杂的，提高听力水平就要首先搞清楚影响听力的因素，这样才能对症下药，找到解决问题的有效方法，才能更快更有效的提高听力水平。

参考文献：

［1］Barbara M.Strang A History of English［M］. Methuen Co.LTD. 1970.

［2］Daniel Jones. Sixth edition. An outline of English Phonetics［M］. EP Dutton co.

［3］J.Richards etal 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Longman LTD.

二、影响大学英语听力教学的主要因素...它传入中国以后得到广泛地普及，并在英语教... 英语文本写作技术构成探析 摘要：英文写作能力是英语语言能力的一个重...wsdxs.cn/html/jiaoxue/20090209/30254.html

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