燕yan燕yan
复合句也称主从句，即主句和从句，从句须有引导词或叫连词引出，否则复合句不成立。由于连词既起连接主句和从句的作用，表明主从句之间的关系，还在从句中充当一定的成份，有一定的意义，故复合句中的连词常成为考查的焦点。从句有三种：1.名词性从句2.定语从句(形容词性从句)3.状语从句(副词性从句)引导从句的词有哪些呢？1.名词性从句包括主语、表语、定语和同位语从句that－只起连接作用，在从句中无成分或意义，引导宾语从句时可省略；if－“是否”，只引导宾语从句，不省略；whether－当“是否”讲，常和or not连用，意思相同，只是语气强“是还不是”，不可省略；what－“什么”或代替所说的话，所做的事，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语；which－“哪个”在从句中作主语，宾语或定语，指代人或物都可；who－“谁”在从句中作主语或宾语，指人；whom－“谁”在从句中作宾语，指人；whose－“谁的”在从句中作定语，指人；where－“在哪里”或代替所指的地方，在从句中作状语；when－“什么时候”或代替所说的时间，在从句中作状语；why－“为什么”或代替所说的原因，在从句中作状语；how－“怎么样”或代替所说的方式、方法，在从句中作状语。还有whichever，whoever，whomever，whosever等，比一般连词语气强。2.定语从句，也叫形容词从句，因为它在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词，相当于一个形容词的作用。判断定语从句首先看是否有先行词，否则应视为别的从句，引导定语从句的词叫关系代／副词。That－指人或物，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略；which－指物或整个主句，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略；who－指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略；whom－指人，在从句中作宾语，可省语；whose－指人或物，在从句中作定语；as－“正如，正像” 指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，多与the same…或such…在先行词前搭配使用，也可指代整个主句，此时，As…从句可放句首，即主句前；when－指时间，在从句中作状语；where－指地点，在从句中作状语；why－指原因，在从句中作状语。3.状语从句，也叫副词从句，因为它在复合句中作状语，起副词作用。状语从句按其意义可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较九种。1)时间状语从句when－“当…时候”，“在…之后”，表示主从句动作的一先一后，或一个在进行中，另一个突然发生；while－“在…期间”，“随着…”表示从句动作在持续中；as－“一边…一边”，表示与主句动作的伴随性；after－“在…之后”表示主句动作在从句动作之后发生；before－“在…之前”，主句动作在从句动作之前发生；since－“自从”，从句中是过去时态，主句用现在完成时，现在完成进行时，或be动词的现在时；till－“直到”主句动作持续到从句的动作发生；until－“直到”多用在“not…until”句式中，主句为非持续性动用，从句动作发生在主句动作之前；as soon as－“一…就”，常用“主将从现”句式中2)地点状语从句where－“哪里”，“在…地方”wherever－“无论在哪里”anywhere－“在…任何地方”everywhere－“到处”3)条件状语从句if－“如果”，“假如”unless－“除非”，“如果不…”，=if…not…4)原因状语从句because－“因为”，侧重从句内容；since－“由于”，“既然”，侧重主句内容；as－“由于”侧重主句内容；now that－“既然”=since5)目的状语从句so that－“为了…”，不能放在主句之前；in order that－“为了…”，可放主句前面；如：She didn't move to the suburb so that/in order that she could look after her mother.In order that she could look after her mother,she didn't move to the subur B.6)结果状语从句so…that－“如此…所以…”such…that－“这么…所以…”so that－“结果…”so－“所以…”，引导并列句表结果；7)让步状语从句whether…or“无论是否…”8)方式状语从句as－“正如…，正像…，按照…”=like.like－“像…，按照…”=as9)比较状语从句as…as－“和…一样”not as/so…as－“和…不一样”(形容词或副词用原级)than－“比…更…”，形容词或副词用比较级；
木小蹬蹬民
初中英语复合句总复习 初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause (宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause (状语从句) 和 The Attributive Clause (定语从句)。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。一、The Object Clause (宾语从句) 宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。Note: 难点1. 避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g. I can’t see that what is over there. （应去掉that）2. 从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.gDo you know how old is she? (应改为：…how old she is)3. 从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。She didn’t tell me when she will come. (应改为：when she would come)三、转换：由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词＋动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。e.g. I’ve no idea what we’re going to do next. = I’ve no idea what to do next.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you tell me how to get to the post office?难点：宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.宾语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择( ) 1. I don’t think he will come here on time, ? (重庆)A. won’t he B. will he C. does he D. is he( ) 2. Will you please tell me ? (上海)A. where Pudong Airport is B. how far Pudong Airport wasC. how can we get to Pudong Airport D. when was Pudong Airport built( ) 3. It’s not polite to ask people in England. (常州)A. how much money you have got B. what the weather is likeC. what your city looks like D. how old are you( ) 4. I wonder if he tonight. If he , I’ll let you know. (扬州)A. will come; will come B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. comes; will come( ) 5. I can’t say I want to see him again. We haven’t seen each other for nearly three years. A. how long B. how soon C. how often D. how much( ) 6. Mr. Green told me that he on a trip next Sunday. (通化) A. are going B. was going C. will go D. would going( ) 7. Our geography teacher told us that Japan the east of China. (河北) A. is in B. was in C. is to D. was to( ) 8. Nobody knows he’ll come or not. (辽宁) A. that B. if C. / D. whether二、按要求改写句子1. “Do you want to try something new?” Tom’s mother asked him. (改为复合句,句意不变) (济南)Tom’s mother asked him to try something new.2. Could you tell me the way to the station? (改写句子,句意不变) (青岛)Could you tell me to the station?3. “I have finished my homework.” John told me. (改为复合句,句意不变) (天津) John told me that homework.4. I don’t how I can reach the zoo. (改为简单句) (宿迁) I don’t know the zoo.二、状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。Note: 1、在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。1) 主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：e.g. The boy will be a writer when he grows up.2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：e.g. Please don’t go to bed before you finish your homework.4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：e.g. I liked reading when I was young.2、 The Adverbial Clause of Condition (条件状语从句)1) 条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=if not)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。 e.g. If he doesn’t come on time, we won’t know what to know. He must come if he is told. Please let me know if he comes back. I’ll go there unless it rains.2) If 条件句的替代形式： （1）祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。其中，and表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。 e.g. If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam easily. If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind others. = Work hard, or you’ll fall behind others. （2）用介词with, without的替代形式： e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water. If you help me, I’ll finish my task on time. = With your help/With the help of you, I’ll finish my task on time.状语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择( ) 1. Somebody rang me up just now, but he hung up I could answer the phone. A. when B. until C. before D. since( ) 2. Mr Smith usually reads a newspaper he’s waiting for the bus. (徐州)A. if B. the C. because D. while( ) 3. You must leave here now your mother can get some more rest. (常州) A. because B. though C. so that D. so( ) 4. The meeting is important that you mustn’t miss it. (盐城)A. very B. such C. so D. too( ) 5. –I’m going to the supermarket.-- you are there, would you please buy me some vegetables? (镇江)A. If B. Because C. While D. After( ) 6. –Do you know what he did all day? (镇江) --He spent as much time playing as he .A. studying B. was studying C. studied D. did studying( ) 7. If Mg in O2, we MgO, and it combination reaction(化学变化). (泰州) A. will burn, get, calls B. burns, will get, called C. will burn, can get, is calling D. burns, will get, is called( ) 8. he talked with her for a long time, he failed to convince(说服)her. (黄冈) A. Though B. But C. Since D. As三、 The Attributive Clause (定语从句)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。 This is Tom. Tom gave us a talk yesterday. This is Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday.先行词 定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when, why一、 who, whom, whose引导的定语从句1. who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。e.g. This is the doctor who came her yesterday.2. whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。e.g. The man (whom) you saw last week has left the town.注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.a) The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. = The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.(前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)b) The girl whom he is taking care of is ill. (take care of是固定词组)3. whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。e.g. I know the woman whose husband is a doctor. He lives in the house whose window faces south.二、 that, which引导的定语从句这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。1. that, which在从句中作主语，不可省略。e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2. that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.知识拓展：引导定语从句的关系代词that和which，在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用which：1. 先行词是复合不定代词everything, anything, nothing等时。e.g. She didn’t forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.2. 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.He is in the last row that is next to the window.3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g. That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时。e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.5. 先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，e.g. I’ve written down all (that )the teacher doesn’t allow us to do.They haven’t got any dictionaries (that) we need.6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.7. 主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now? Which is the book that was stolen by him?8. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。e.g. China is no longer the country (that) it used to be.三、关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句（在从句中作状语）1. where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。e.g. This is the village where he was born.c.f. This is the village (that/which) he visited last year.2. when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.c.f. I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.3. why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。e.g. The reason why he didn’t come yesterday is quite clear.定语从句专练：一、单项选择( ) 1. The number of people lost homes reached as many as 250,000. A. which B. who C. whom D. /( ) 2. This is the most beautiful part I have visited. A. which; ever B. that; never C. which; yet D. that; ever( ) 3. My necklace is not the only thing is missing. A. that B. which C. what D. /( ) 4. We’re talking about Tonny, you met yesterday. A. with who B. whom C. which D. that( ) 5. Is this the very museum some Japanese visitors visited last Wednesday? A. one B. where C. that D. which( ) 6. The book cover is red is Tom’s. A. which B. that C. / D. whose( ) 7. The place I grew up is a beautiful town. A. which B. that C. where D. from which( ) 8. I don’t think the number of people this happens is very large. A. who B. to which C. that D. to whom( ) 9. Do you still remember one evening a week ago I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary? A. before B. which C. when D. as( )10. Is that the novel about they talked in class yesterday? A. which B. that C. who D. /二、找错并改正。1. The village which my friends live is very far away. 2. I really can’t believe people who talk many but do little. 3. The pen with that I’m writing was given by a friend of mine. 4. He lives in the house which window faces south. 5. The student with that you talked is from Shanghai.
miracle11sno
复合句
复合句(Complex Sentence)由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在;从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词(connective)引导。
宾语从句的语法意义及结构
语法意义： 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句通常由连词(that, whether, if)、连接代词(which, what, who, whose, whom)或连接副词(where, how, when, why)等引导。及物动词、介词或某些系表结构后可带宾语从句。
句型结构： 主语+谓语+引导词+主语+谓语(+其他成分)
结果状语从句
连词有：so … that, such … that
(1) so...that"如此……以致"，that在非正式文体中可以省略，so后面接形容词或副词。如：
She spoke __________ fast ___________ nobody could catch what she was saying.
她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
There is _________ little time left _________ I have to tell you about it later.
现在剩下的时间不多了，我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(2) such...that"如此……以致",
具体内 容是：①such +形容词+名词+that从句。其中的'名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数，也可以是不可数名词。
② such +a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句,可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如：
The Japanese student made _________ rapid progress __________ he soon began to write article in Chinese.
那个日本留学生进步很快，不久就开始用中文写文章了。
The professor told us __________________________ all the students laughed.
=___________________________________________________________________________.
教授讲了个很有趣的故事，(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。
She is _________ beautiful __________ everyone likes her.
= ___________________________________________________________________________.
英语定语从句知识点：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词.关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语.宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
3. 先行词与定语从句隔离
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited.
初中英语知识点总结：
1. Why don’t you do sth.?
2. make sb. Happy
3. borrow sth. from sb.
4. forget to do sth.
5. pay fro sth.
6. return sth. To sb.
7. learn sth. from sb.
8. be famous for sth.
9. No matter what…
10. be with sb.
11. go on doing sth.
12. speak highly of sb.
13. keep doing sth.
14. allow sb. To do sth.
15. encourage sb. to do sth.
16. It is said that…
