霸王V风月
在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。何谓“Contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which thelaw in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance。”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (邀约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(目标的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with “contract”,agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact. “协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。
好吃的深海鱼
首先,Agreement这个词一般不用作正式的书面合同这种说法,很大程度上是用于描述那种非书面的“合同”如 He has an agreement with me.Contract和前者最大的区别就是该词是个非常正式的词汇正式翻译为契约,合同(书面),具有法律意义的证明文件,正式性是三者中最高的.以下是详细对比Protocol:一般指为某种可能发生的事件或情况而准备的行动方案.比如:Emergency Response Protocol就是中国报道灾难新闻时一定会提到的“某政府启动了应急预案”.Agreement:是协议/合同最常用的叫法.大多数的英文合同都以“Agreement”命名.比如:Security Agreement (担保协议),Deposit Account Control Agreement (帐户控制协议)以及Share Subscription Agreement(认股协议).Contract:指法律上“合同”的概念.比如:The document constitues a binding contract upon the signing parties.商务环境里一般不会用Contract来命名合同,因为这个词带有对抗性,不如Agreement来的委婉.Agreement创造的语境是双方合作,互惠互利.而用到Contract这次词时,一般都是出了问题,一方想用合同这个概念制约另一方.国内一些银行用Loan Contract来命名贷款协议是会被人鄙视的.正确的翻译是Credit Agreement.Draft:一般指草稿.例如:Draft Share Subscription Agreement = 认股协议草稿.
bluesky588
Protocol, Agreement, Contract, Draft几个词的区别:Protocol: 一般指为某种可能发生的事件或情况而准备的行动方案。比如:Emergency Response Protocol就是中国报道灾难新闻时一定会提到的“某政府启动了应急预案”。Agreement:是协议/合同最常用的叫法。大多数的英文合同都以“Agreement”命名。比如:Security Agreement (担保协议), Deposit Account Control Agreement (帐户控制协议)以及Share Subscription Agreement(认股协议)。Contract: 指法律上“合同”的概念。比如:The document constitues a binding contract upon the signing parties。 商务环境里一般不会用Contract来命名合同,因为这个词带有对抗性,不如Agreement来的委婉。Agreement创造的语境是双方合作,互惠互利。而用到Contract这次词时,一般都是出了问题,一方想用合同这个概念制约另一方。国内一些银行用Loan Contract来命名贷款协议是会被人鄙视的。正确的翻译是Credit Agreement。Draft: 一般指草稿。例如:Draft Share Subscription Agreement = 认股协议草稿。不过Draft在银行法里还有另一个意思: 如果A写了张条子,命令B(一般是银行)把一定数目的钱给C, 这张条子叫做Draft,也就是汇票。