直译和意译的英文

直译(literal translation) 按文字本来的意思去翻译意译(free thanslation) 在理解的基础上用自己的话翻译例如milky way直译 牛奶路意译 银河

直译 [简明汉英词典]construeliteralitymetaphrase意译 [简明汉英词典]free translationtranscribe

直译 (literal translation ) 是指翻译时要尽量保持原文的语言形式和文化特色。直译把忠于原文内容放在第一位，把于原文形式放在第二位，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面无限接近。但是直译决非逐词翻译。逐词或逐字翻译（word-for-word translation），翻译时是以词为单位进行考虑的，力求翻译目标语的每一个词都能与原语中的词绝对对等，这是一种“对号入座”式的翻译，在同一语系的语言之间还能适用。但在不同语系的语言之间，如英语和汉语，则不太合适。意译 (free translation) 指的是由于原文语言和译文语言本身存在的差异，以及两种语言所表达的文化内涵的差异，使得原文无法直译，或者采用直译法后使读者不得其解，此时为了将原文的意思准确表达出来，只能从意义出发，而不得不放弃原文的语言形式和文化特色的表达方法。意译把忠于原文内容放在第一位，把通顺的译文形式放在第二位，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能符合异域读者的阅读习惯和审美心理。

音译(transliteration)Transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another. Transliteration attempts to be lossless, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. To achieve this objective transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in a source script which do not correspond with letters in a goal script. Romaji is an example of a transliterating method.This is opposed to transcription, which maps the sounds of one language to the script of another language. Still, most transliterations map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the goal script, for some specific pair of source and goal language.One instance of transliteration is the use of an English computer keyboard to type in a language that uses a different alphabet, such as in Russian. While the first usage of the word implies seeking the best way to render foreign words into a particular language, the typing transliteration is a purely pragmatic process of inputting text in a particular language. Transliteration from English letters is particularly important for users who are only familiar with the English keyboard layout, and hence could not type quickly in a different alphabet even if their software would actually support a keyboard layout for another language. Some programs, such as the Russian language word processor Hieroglyph provide typing by transliteration as an important feature. The rest of the article concerns itself with the first meaning of the word, that is rendering foreign words into a different alphabet.If the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages, a transliteration may be (almost) the same as a transcription. In practice, there are also some mixed transliteration/transcription systems, that transliterate a part of the original script and transcribe the rest. Greeklish is an example of such a mixture.In a broader sense, the word transliteration is used to include both transliteration in the narrow sense and transcription. Anglicizing is a transcription method. Romanization encompasses several transliteration and transcription methods.=============================================================意译（literal translation）"Translation" is, etymologically, a "carrying across" or "bringing across": the Latin translatio derives from transferre (trans, "across" + ferre, "to carry" or "to bring"). The modern European languages, Romance, Germanic and Slavic, have generally formed their own equivalent terms for this concept after the Latin model: after transferre or after the kindred traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across"). Additionally, the Greek term for "translation," metaphrasis (a "speaking across"), has supplied English with "metaphrase," meaning a literal, or word-for-word, translation, as contrasted with "paraphrase" (a "saying in other words," from the Greek paraphrasis).直译：a word-for-word translation，其实literal translation也代表直译

直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。

意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法， 或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。

简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。

翻译时，一般有直译和意译两种方法。直译就是按照原文，逐字逐句地翻译出来，意译则是换一种方式将原文的意思表达出来。

做商业翻译时，一般的原则是，能直译时尽量直译，在征得客户的同意的前提下或客户要求时，可以适当意译。另外，如果能以基本相同的结构形式表达出原文的意思，尽量采用相同的结构形式，如果实在不能保持原文的形式，则可以适当变通。

直译举例：

如，When you arrive, please call me. →你到了之后给我打电话。如果原文是"Pleas call me when you arrive"，译文一般不能保持原文的形式，说，“给我打电话，你到了之后”，还是应该翻成“你到了之后给我打电话”。编译一般在商业翻译中不常见，是将原文内容翻译出来后进行编辑，只留下自己需要的部分使用，在此不多做说明。