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Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond. Players on one team (the batting team) take turns hitting against the pitcher of the other team (the fielding team), which tries to stop them from scoring runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the batting team can stop at any of the bases and later advance via a teammate's hit or other means. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs. One turn at bat for each team constitutes an inning; nine innings make up a professional game. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins.Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid-eighteenth century. This game and the related rounders were brought by British and Irish immigrants to North America, where the modern version of baseball developed. By the late nineteenth century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States. Baseball on the professional, amateur, and youth levels is now popular in North America, parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean, and parts of. The game is sometimes referred to as hardball, in contrast to the derivative game of softball.In North America, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL). Each league has three divisions: East, West, and Central. Every year, the champion of Major League Baseball is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series. Four teams make the playoffs from each league: the three regular season division winners,wild card team. Baseball is the leading team sport in both Japan and Cuba, and the top level of play is similarly split between two leagues: Japan's Central League and Pacific League; Cuba's West League and East League. In the National and Central leagues, the pitcher is required to bat, per the traditional rules. In the American, Pacific, and both Cuban leagues, there is a tenth player, a designated hitter, who bats for the pitcher. Each top-level team has a farm system of one or more minor league teams. These teams allow younger players to develop as they gain on-field experience against opponents with similar levels of skill
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Diving Events Rules跳水规则The individual medal diving events are the men's 3m springboard, themen's 10m platform, the women's 3m springboard and the women's 10m platform.Using "fancy" to describe diving is probably more apt for synchronized diving,which made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Synchronized divingevents consist of men's 3m and 10m and women's 3m and 10m. These eventsconsist of two divers leaving the platform or springboard simultaneouslyand diving together. Usually the athletes perform the same dive, althoughoccasionally dives which complement each other are chosen. Divers must attempta set number of dives selected from each of the main diving groups. Thespringboard competition consists of five groups: front, back, reverse, inwardand twisting. Platform competition includes those five groups, plus thearmstand dive. The United States has dominated the sport of diving, perhapsto an even greater extent than any other sport at the Olympics. In the 1980sthe Chinese entered diving competition and posed the first serious threatto American dominance. And now, China claims to be the dream team in diving,being the target of envy on both the platform and springboard for years.Led by such stars as Fu Mingxia and Xiong Ni, the team swept five out ofthe eight gold medals on offer at the millennium Olympic Games in Sydney.跳水的个人竞赛项目分为男子3 米跳板，男子10米跳台，女子3 米跳板和女子10米跳台。“花式”用以描述双人跳水可能更确切。2000年悉尼奥运会上，双人跳水第一次亮相，双人跳水项目分为男女3 米跳板和男女10米跳台，该项目要求两名运动员同时起跳共同完成动作，通常运动员的动作是一致的，但有时也会选择互补性动作。跳水运动员必须完成一定数量的动作，这些动作分别选自不同的组别。跳板比赛有五组动作：向前，向后，反身，向内和转体。跳台比赛除上述五组动作外，还有臂立跳水动作。美国在跳水上一直占有绝对优势，也许是其它任何奥运会项目无法比拟的。二十世纪八十年代中国进军跳水项目，美国的霸主地位第一次受到威胁。现在中国声明要成为跳水梦之队，数年来中国的跳台和跳板项目，一直是令人嫉妒的对象，在伏明霞和熊倪等体育明星的带领下，将悉尼奥运会跳水比赛八枚金牌中的五枚收入囊中。In diving competitions, competitors perform a series of dives and areawarded points up to 10, depending upon their elegance and skill. The pointsare then adjusted for the degree of difficulty, based on the number andtypes of maneuvers attempted, such as somersaults, pikes, tucks and twists.A reverse 1.5 somersault with 4.5 twists, for example, is among the mostdifficult. Judges are appointed by FINA, the international body governingdiving. If possible, the nationalities of the judges differ from the competitors.The referee is in charge of the competition and makes sure all regulationsare followed. Judges rate both technique and style. Judges assess the diver'sapproach, take-off, elevation, execution and entry. Individual diving eventshave seven judges. For synchronized diving, four judges will assess thedivers' skills and five others will judge how the pairs match each otherin terms of height, distance from the springboard or platform, speed ofrotation and entry into the water. Five judges assess the synchronizationof the dives, and four award marks for execution. Two of the four judgesjudging the execution focus on each diver's performance. The synchronizationjudges focus exclusively on synchronization in the approach, take-off (includingsimilarity of height), coordinated timing of movements during flight, similarityof entry angles, comparative distance from the board at entry, and simultaneousentries. The highest and lowest scores awarded for both execution and synchronizationare discarded, and the final score is calculated in the same manner as otherdives. Each dive is considered without regard to the difficulty figure.比赛中选手们将完成一系列跳水动作，每跳的满分为10分，按运动员动作的优美性和技术性给分，然后评分将根据难度系数进行调整。难度系数以动作数量以及翻腾，转体，屈体和抱膝等空中技术和姿势为基础，例如反身翻腾1 周半转体4 周半，它的难度系数最大。裁判员由国际游泳联合会指定，这是负责跳水项目的国际组织，如有可能，裁判员的国籍将不会同于选手的国籍，裁判长全面负责比赛工作，确保一切活动按竞赛规程进行，裁判员按照技术和动作类型评分，对选手的助跑，起跳，起跳高度，动作完成以及入水进行评定。单人比赛设7 名裁判员，而双人跳水比赛中，4 名裁判员负责评定动作的技术质量，另5 名则评判选手的相互配合情况，比如高度与板和台的距离，旋转速度以及入水情况。5 名裁判员评判动作的同步性，4 名裁判员评判动作的完成质量，其中每2 名负责评判一名选手，评判同步配合的裁判员专门负责评判动作的同步性，例如助跑，起跳，包括起跳高度的一致性，空中动作配合的时间，入水角度的一致性，入水时与板或台的相对距离，入水时间的一致性。技术质量和同步配合两方面的最高分和最低分都将被去掉，最后得分的计算方法与其他项目相同，评判时不考虑难度系数。
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