executive法律英语

1：The largest , most important family is the so-called civil-law family. 民法所指的家庭，有最大最重要之意。2: Civil-law systems are , generally speaking , “codified” systems: the basic law is set out in code. 一般而言，民法体系乃是“法典化”体系，即：其基本法律以法典呈现。3: Another influential civil code was Germany’s ,which dates from the late nineteenth century . 德国民法典发端于十九世纪晚期，为另一颇具影响力的民法典。4: Judicial review was officially recognized in 1803 by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Marbury v.Madison .(P36) 1803年，全美最高法院对Marbury v.Madison案的一纸裁决正式认可了司法复审制度。（36页）5: Ripeness and mootness issues are related to standing and might be understood simply as standing in a time frame .(P39) 实然与未然问题关乎持续力，对其理解易流于简单的时间上的持续力。（39页）6: This means two things: the Court could ignore ripeness in a given case if it wants to get to the merits and Congress could remove ripeness as a barrier to review if it chose , by providing for review . 这便意味着两种情况：最高法院若为事功计，在具体案件上可能会撇开实然性问题；议会这方面，鉴于复议之需，如采纳实然性，则在复议时，又可能因其构成障碍而将其抛弃。7: Mootness issues arise when the redressable harm is over and the case therefore no longer presente a live controversy . 当案件的可救济型伤害已了结，因而实际纠纷也不复存在时，未然性问题便出现了。8: Executive orders and executive agreements are widely used in foreign Affairs .(P40) 行政令与行政协定在外交事务中广为采用。（40页）9: While many of the country’s most important international commitments are still made b way of the formal treaty process . 国家为数不少的至为重要的国际承诺仍是通过正式条约程序达成。10: But the President has used American troops several times in history without going to Congress for a declaration of war .(P41) 但是历史上已有几次先例，不通过议会程序宣战，总统便径行动用武力开战。（41页）11: Federalism is most visible in its limitations on actions of the states through the supremacy clause .(P42) 联邦主义在对联邦诉诸最高条款的诉讼限制上，表现最为明显。12: Similarly ,the Court has prohibited discriminatory exemptions from income taxation that a state provided for retirement pay of state and local governmental employees , but not federal employees . 各州为备付本州本地方政府而非联邦的职员退休金，所征收的收入所得税的歧视性免除，也已为最高法院所禁止。13: “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively ,to the people.” 联邦宪法未赋予联邦，也未对联邦禁止的权力，分属联邦及人民。14: Criminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments. (P74) 刑法作为部门法，界定罪，并确定刑罚。（74页）15: Criminal law includes both substantive law , which is addressed in this article . 刑法包括两类实体法，本文对此进行了阐述。16: Crimes are claeeified in many different ways 罪的分类不拘一格。17: An important classification is the division of crimes into felonies or misdemeanors . 罪的一种重要分类，是厘分轻罪与重罪。18: In other jurisdictions, crimes punishable by imprisonment for one year or more are felonies , and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors. 判决处以一年或一年以上徒刑的为重罪，处以罚款或一年以下徒刑的为轻罪。19: The crime of muder is loosely defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by a person who had an intent to kill .(P76)谋杀罪的宽泛定义为，带有致人死亡意图者非法致人死亡。（76页）