小精灵926
一、定冠词the_ 1. 定冠词the和一个形容词连用,代表一类人.若其作主语,则其后的谓语动词用复数形式. 2. 由普通名词和另外一些词构成的专有名词前多数要加定冠词 3) 某些节假日前: the Spring Festival春节, the Mid-Autumn Day中秋节 但也有一些这类专有名词前不加定冠词 3. 一些乐器名称前面通常用the, 如play the guitar, play the piano.但在一些特殊的表达中不用the,如with Kenney Rogers on saxophone, with Miles Davis on trumpet.体育比赛的项目前也不加定冠词,如play chess, play volleyball / basketball. 4. 一年四季spring, summer, autumn /fall, winter 前,可用亦可不用定冠词,意思基本一样,但在美语中,通常为in the fall 5. 物质名词前一般不加定冠词,但当一些物质名词不用于一般意义,而表示该物质的特定部分,特别是当其有限制性定语时,常加定冠词 二、不定冠词a(an) 1. what 后的感叹句中,若感叹的名词是可数名词单数,不定冠词a/an不能省略.如: What a horrible day! 2. a/an 用于指非独一无二的工作或职业 3. 疾病名称通常被认为是不可数的,因此,其前通常不加冠词 . 习惯用定冠词的表达 by the way, on the whole, in the end, on the way to, tell the truth, on the right / left, in the possession of, be in the habit of doing sth., on the spot, the day before yesterday, in the distance, in the case of, for the time being, at the hands of, in the front of, be in the dark, at the back of, to the extent of等. 2. 习惯用不定冠词的表达 as a matter of fact, as a rule, be in a position to, a matter of course, all of a sudden, be at a loss, have a chance, have a good time, have a hand in, have a say, have a try, keep an eye on, on a large scale, with a firm hand, take a fancy to, be in a hurry, take a walk, take an interest in等. 3. 习惯用零冠词的表达 at noon/night/dawn/midnight, in town, in front of, at bottom, in order, in peace, at hand, at home, at last, at present, at stake, at war, by way of, day and night, without result, on top of, in trouble, in sight, from beginning to end, in advance, in haste, in danger, in case(of), in possession of, in fashion, in fact, take part in, take place等.
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基本构成：1、冠词（article） 定冠词（DEFINITE ARTICLE)，限定词不定冠词（INDEFINITE ARTICLE)，零冠词（ZERO ARTICLE)2、形容词性的代词物主限定词（POSSESSIVE PRONOUN DETERMINER)，my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its.名词属格（GENITIVE NOUN)，John's, my friend's.指示限定词（DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER)，this, that, these, those, such.关系限定词（RELATIVE DETERMINER)，whose, which.疑问限定词（INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER)，what, which, whose.不定限定词（INDEFINITE DETERMINER)，no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another.3、数词（numeral） 基数词（CARDINAL NUMERAL) 和序数词（ORDINAL NUMERAL) 倍数词（MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERAL) 和分数词（FRACTIONAL NUMERAL)4、量词（QUANTIFIER) a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of等。下面介绍一些限定词（包括相应的不定代词〕的某些习惯用法问题。1〕many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 表示"多"的意思，可用many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。但是many, much常用于否定句和疑问句，而a lot of等则常用于肯定句。 I haven't seen many English films. 多数英文电影我没看过。 many修饰可数名词 I haven't done much work today. 我还没有做多少活呢。 much修饰不可数名词 many / much常用于否定句和疑问句并不是绝对的，尤其是在下列场合many / much也常用于肯定句： a) 用于whether / if引导的宾语分句中。 I doubt whether / if there'll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我怀疑在这个雨天里会有很多人看表演。 b) 用于由"how / too / so / as+ many / much (+中心词)" 构成的名词词组中。 He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi. 他身边带着太多的箱子，不得不叫计程车。 c) 用于在句首作主语以及在"存在句"中作实义主语的名词词组中。 Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 许多人喜欢去国外渡假。 2) (a) few, (a)little 表示"少"的意思，可用(a) few, (a) little, 既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。a few, a little表示"少量"，带有肯定意义。 Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的课题上有少量的书。 few / little 若不与a 连用则表示－否－定－意义，相当于not many / much, not enough。 I have very few (chocolates) left. 我剩下不多的巧克力。 little 的比较级和最高级是less 和least, 通常只能用与不可数名词搭配，但在当代英语中也有用less与复数搭配的。 If only there were less holes in the roof. 如果房顶仅是少量洞。 3) some, any 要表示"一些"的意思，可用some, any。 some 是肯定词（ASSERTIVE WORD〕，常用于肯定句；any是非肯定词（NONASSERTIVE WORD〕，常用于否定句或疑问句。 I seldom get any sleep these days. any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定含义的句子中： I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零钱。 当some与单数可数名词搭配时, some相当于a certain（"某一"〕的含义；而any与单数可数名词搭配，则相当于 eery（"任何一个"〕的含义 Any child could answer that question. 任何一个孩子都可以回答这个问题。 4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any 这一类词，除every只能作限定词外，都是既可作限定词，也可作不定代词。 any boy / any (one) of the (three or more) boys, a) 表示"全体"，可用all 和both, 但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的"全体"，而both则表示两个人或物的"全体"。 All the four applicants are below the average. 所有这四位申请者都在平均数以下。 如果要表示"全体都不"的意思，当"全体"为三个或更多的人或物时，通常用none。 None of the students failed the examination. 没有一个学生考试失败。 如果要表示两个人或物"都不"，通常要用neither: Neither student / Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan. 两辆车没有一辆产自日本。 b) 表示全体中的"每个"，如果这个"全体"包含三个或更多的人或物，通常用every。 Every student in the class took part in the performance. 这个班的每个学生都是这个表演的一部分。 如果这个"全体"包含两个或两个以上的人或物，便可以用each Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 广场的边上挤满了人。 every 与each 的区别还在于every 指许多人或物中的"每个"，侧重在全体，近乎all的含义： Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 所有的学生都考试失败。 c) 表示全体中的"任何一个"，也要看这个"全体"是包含三个或更多，还是只包含两个。当"全体"包含三个或三个以上，要表示其中任何一个须用any。 Any (= Every) child would know that. 每个孩子都知道这个。 当"全体"只包含两个时，要表示其中任何一个须用either。 We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file. 我们有两份考贝剩下，为文件保持其中的一份。 但在on either side, on either end等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。 There are stairways at either end of the corridor. 走廊的两头都有楼梯。[编辑本段]典型特例 类指和特指 冠词（ARTICLE）是最典型的限定词。 1 类指和特指 冠词的表意功能可以归纳为二种，即类指（GENERIC REFERENCE）和特指（SPECIFIC REFERENCE）。冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article）(定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。)；另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article）(不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。); 零冠词zero Article）。 类指 1〕类指 类指是表示类别，也就是泛指一类人或物。不论是定冠词还是不定冠词和零冠词都具有这种功能。比如定冠词与单数可数名词搭配，往往可起类指的作用，常用于正式语体。 Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. GALILEO声称他发明了望远镜。 定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用，表示类别或抽象概念，也是一种类指用法。 The rich get richer, and the poor get children. 有钱的更有钱，穷人得了孩子。 用不定冠词与单数可数名词搭配也可表示类别 An ox is a useful animal. 公牛是一个有用的动物。 用零冠词与复数可数名词或不可数名词搭配，同样可以表示一类的人或物 Unity is strength. 团结就是力量。
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英语中，小小的冠词无处不在，如果你分不清如何使用不定冠词“a/an”及定冠词“the”1. 抽象名词表示一般概念，表示具体概念则不可省略1) Love is all you need.泛指爱的情感2) We are coming together across the nation to carry the Love of Jesus.指耶稣对人的具体的爱3) Happiness is contagious.泛指幸福4) Life is About Sharing the Happiness and Kindness指可以分享的具体幸福5) Crime is a growing problem in the inner cities.泛指犯罪行为6) Scenes of the Crime is a 2001 film directed by Dominique Forma and written by Daniel Golka, Amit Mehta, and Forma.指具体的某种犯罪2. 具象名词用其抽象意义时，如sea、town、office、market等，否则不可省略1) My uncle first went to sea at the age of 15.指成为水手，非指大海2) He used to spend several months at sea.指出航，非指大海3) I went to the sea/seaside to swim.指具体的海边4) What‘s on in town this weekend?指常住地，非指具体某个城镇5) Pat’s out of town until Tuesday.指常住地，非指具体某个城镇6) What‘s on in the town this weekend?指某个具体城镇，非指常住地7) This government has been in office for about a year now.指执政，非指具体的政府部门8) The opposition parties would dearly love to vote it out of office.指执政，非指具体的政府部门9) She didn’t get out of the office much before 7 o‘clock.指工作场所，非指职务3.具体名词用其抽象功能时，如church、school、college、university、class、camp、hospital、prison、court、mosque、temple、government、work、home、bed，指具体建筑、家具或增加描述内容时则不可省略。注意:上述hospital、government、university在美国英语里不省略冠词1) Sorry, you can’t talk to Annie. She‘s at school.她是学生，非指学校的场所2) I say much because it’s also clear that, if she was at the school, she was there because of her connection to the force.她在学校这个地方，但未必是学生3) Today her mother has gone to the school to meet the principal.指具体的学校，非指上学4) Rose is a student and she loves school.指读书，非指学校5) It‘s okay to hate school: There is nothing wrong with you.指读书，非指学校6) After graduating from high school he went to university.指高中及大学教育，非指具体学校;英国英语7) If you ask people why do they go to the university, specially if you ask that before they go, most of them will answer with one word: knowledge.指高等教育，非指学校;美国英语8) Representative delegation of the People’s Republic of China visited the University.指学校，非指大学教育9) Her mother is in hospital.她是病人，非指医院建筑;英国英语10) On arrival at the hospital you will be asked for your personal details.指医院建筑，英美同11) He will be in prison for five years.他是犯人，非指监狱建筑12) The aging dissident was released from prison.他是犯人，非指监狱建筑13) The plumber went to the prison to fix the pipes.他不是犯人，强调监狱场所14) She stayed in bed on Sunday morning instead of going to church.她没有从事宗教活动，非指没去教堂那个场所15) He entered the church to photograph its interior.指教堂建筑16) The angry customer threatened to take him to court.顾客打官司，非指法庭建筑17) In the court he met an old friend.指法庭建筑18) What time are they leaving for temple指祷告或礼拜活动，非指寺庙建筑19)Peter and John went to the Temple one afternoon to take part in the three o‘clock prayer service.指寺庙建筑20) I don’t like going to work.泛指干活，非指具体行业或者单位
