高中英语从句结构

复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在，而从句只是全句的一个句子成分，不能独立存在。例如：We met where the roads crossed.I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday.从句虽然不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，从句需要由一个关联词引导。引导从句的关联词有七类。从属连接词——whether、when、 although、because、if。He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now.I don't know what you mean.疑问代词——who、whom、 whose、which、what。Who he is doesn't concern me.I don't know what you mean.疑问副词——when、where、why、how。I asked how he was going on.I can't understand why he was so late.关系代词——who、whom、whose、which、that。Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.Water that is impure often causes serious illness.关系副词——when、where、why。July and August are the months when the weather is very hot.She would like to live in a country where it never snows.缩合连接代词——what、 whatever、who、whoever、that、 whichever。Show me what you have written.Whoever does wrong is punished in the end.缩合连接副词——whenever、where、wherever、 however。Whatever he goes out, he always takes his umbrella.Sit wherever you like.从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。由于主语从句，表语从句和宾语从句在句子里的功用相当于名词，所以叫做名词性从句。名词性从句的关联词大抵相同，而且其前一般不用逗号。

名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样. 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾. 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化.而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that.被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 (2) it is ＋形容词＋从句 (3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句 (4) it ＋过去分词＋从句 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首. (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前. (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前. (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前. 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语．宾语．表语,而that 则不然. 定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句,由关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that）或关系副词（as, when, where, why）等引导.关系词除了起引导作用外,还在从句中指代前面的先行词,并在从句中担任一定的成分. 一、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言,可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句.限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号,表示对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开,是对先行词进行补充说明,相当于并列句.如： He is the man who has strong personality. 他是个个性很强的人.（限定性定语从句） My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作,他下周将回来.（非限定性定语从句） 注：1. 非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导,一般用which,as或who（指人）.用which或as引导时,既可以修饰主句的部分内容,也可修饰主句的全部内容.如： He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. （which指代整个主句,在从句中作主语） 2. as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前.如： As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly. 3. 在限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时不能省略.如： The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去) She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去) 二、通常只用关系代词that,不用 which,who或whom的几种情况 1. 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时.如： All that you want are here. 2. 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时.如： There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes. 3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时.如： This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4. 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词,并同时兼指人和物时.如： We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited. 5. 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时.如： Who is the person that is standing over there? 6. 当定语从句为there be 句型时,关系代词只能用that,但经常可以省略.如： I know the difference (that) there is between you. 7. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时,常用that.如： He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了. 三、as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句 as 引导定语从句时,可指人也可指物,通常与the same,such,so等连用,形式为：the same… as,such… as,as …as,so… as.As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等.如： She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样.(as代替事,作宾语) I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书.(as代替物,作主语) 注：the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同.as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”,指同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”,指同一事物.如： This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样.（类似的笔） This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支.（同一支笔） 四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 在“介词+which/whom”结构中,介词的选择取决于三种情况： 1．定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配.如： This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking. 2．先行词与介词的习惯搭配.如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度. 3．当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词.如： I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前,如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配,此时需要根据上下文来确定.如：be familiar with/to,compare with/to等. 有时为表意清楚,还可以在关系副词where/ when前加介词from, to等.如： China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中国是风筝的故乡,从这里,放风筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度.

无法详解，必须分开解释，这里提供几个要点：1. 所谓从句，是主句下的一个子句。没有主句，就无所谓从句。就好比仆人，没有主人，就无所谓仆人。2. 从句是指一个句子做句子成分，通常没有谓语从句，其他都有。3. 从句都有引导词，主语从句，状语从句，表语从句的引导词不能省略。宾从和定从的部分引导词可以省略。4. 位置：(1)主语从句在谓语动词前，比如What you need is courage.(2)宾从在谓语动词后面，比如He said (that)he liked Linda.(3)表语从句在be动词后面，比如Water is what they need(4)定从在名词后面，比如The man who always wears dark clothes is a doctor.常用考点：定语从句及其引导词，包括非限定性定语从句，what从句，宾语从句的时态。

从句，即从属子句，是复句中具有分属地位的分句，它是一种绝大部分语言都有的语法结构。在现代汉语的语法中，“从句”不作为专业术语被使用。在现代英语的语法中，从句指复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、whether、which等引导词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。

1.主语从句

1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：

*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...

*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...

*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...

*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...

It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.

It seems that the performance is very useful.

2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。

What we lack is experience.

3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。

How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.

I did know why I felt like crying.

2.宾语从句

1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。

*I promised that I would change the situation.

*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.

*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.

*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.

2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。

He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.

3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。

He didn't think that the money was well spent.

3.表语从句

表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外，还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.

Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.

The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.

It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.

4.同位语从句

同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。

She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.

I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.

The news came that their team had won the championship.

5.定语从句

定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

*限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。

The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.

Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.

The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.

1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。

That is all that I've heard from him.

He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.

2)关系代词的省略

在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。

This is one of those things with which we have to put up.

This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。

Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.

No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.

5.定语从句

*非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。

Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.

*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句

“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。

This is the computer on which he spent all his savings

It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

*as引导的定语从句

as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。

These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)

As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

一、概说

状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义，状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别，以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。

二、时间状语从句

1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，常见的有before,after,when,while,as,since,till,until,assoonas等。

2.表示“当…时候”的while,when,as的用法区别是：while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词；表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时，只能用when；当表示“一边…一边…”或“随着”时，只能用as。另外，用于此义的as所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词，不能是状态动词。如下面一道高考题的答案是B而不能是A：

“I’mgoingtothepostoffice.”“_____you’rethere,canyougetmesomestamps?”

A.As B.While C.Because D.If

3.until在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词，表示相应动作结束的时间；在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词，表示相应动作开始的时间，意为“直到…才”。如：

Hewaiteduntilshewasabouttoleave.他等着一直到她准备离开。

Ididnotbegintoworktillhehadgone.他走了后我才开始工作。

4.表示“一…就”除用assoonas外，还可用theminute,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,nosooner…than,hardly…when等。如：

Icameimmediatelyyoucalled.你一来电话我就来了。

Hardlyhadshearrivedwhenitbegantosnow.她刚到就下起雪来了。

ThemomentIhavefinishedI'llgiveyouacall.我一干完就给你打电话。

5.everytime,eachtime,(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime,bythetime,thefirsttime,anytime等以time结尾的词语也可用作连词，引导时间状语从句。如：

Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor.下次你进来，请关门。

Hedidn’ttellmeanythingthelasttimeIsawhim.上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。

BythetimeIgothome,shehadalreadygonetobed.我到家时她已睡觉了。

三、条件状语从句

1.引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if,unless,as[so]longas等。如：

Don’tcomeunlessItelephone.除非我打电话，否则你别来。

Ifyouwatchcarefullyyouwillseehowtodoit.如果你仔细瞧你会看出该怎样做。

Aslongasyoudoyourbest,we’llbehappy.只要你尽力，我们就满意了。

2.incase也可引导条件状语从句，其意为“如果”、“万一”。如：

IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.如果我忘了，请提醒我。

四、让步状语从句

1.引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有although,though,however(=nomatterhow),evenif(即使),whether…or(不论…还是)等连词。如：

Thespeechisgood,thoughitcouldbebetter.这次演讲不错，虽然还可以再好一点。

Hewentouteventhoughitwasraining.尽管下雨，他还是出去了。

2.as也可引导让步状语从句，但要将名词、形容词或副词等提到as前，若提前的是单数可数名词，要省略a/an。如：

Teacherasheis,hecan’tknoweverything.虽然是老师，他也不可能什么都懂。

3.连词while有时也可表示“尽管”、“虽然”，引导让步状语从句。如：

Whilewedon’tagreewecontinuetobefriends.尽管我们意见不同，我们还是朋友。

4.whatever,whoever,however,whenever,wherever等引导让步状语从句。如：

Don’tloseheartwhateveryoudo.不管你做什么，都不要灰心。

Whoeveryouare,youcan’tpassthisway.不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。

注：表示“虽然”的though,although不可与but连用，但可与yet,still连用。

五、原因状语从句

1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because,as,since,seeing(that),now(that)等：

Theycan’thavegoneoutbecausethelight’son.他们不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。

Sinceyouaregoing,Iwillgo.既然你去，我也去。

Nowthatwearealone,wecanspeakfreely.现在我们单独在一起，可以随便谈了。

2.除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外，when有时也可引导原因状语从句，其意“既然”。如：

Ican’ttellyouwhenyouwon'tlisten.既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。

3.有关原因状语从句还应注意以下几点：

(1)as与since,nowthat一样表示双方都知道的原因，通常位于主句前，且均不可用于强调结构被强调。

(2)当表示直接的因果关系，回答why时，或有only,just,all,partly,not,but等副词修饰时，或用在强调结构中都只能用because。

(3)for有时也可引出表示原因的分句，但它只能位于后面，对前一分句加以解释或推断。

(4)不要受汉语意思影响将表示“因为”的连词与表示“所以”的so连用。

六、地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where(在…的地方),wherever(无论什么地方),everywhere(每个…地方),anywhere(任何…地方)。如：

I’mnotlivingwhereIwas.我不在原处住了。

Youcan’tcampwhere[wherever,anywhere]youlikethesedays.如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。

EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。

2.有的同学认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多，误认为考试不会涉及，但恰恰相反，地点状语从句却是英语考试经常考查的一个知识点。请看以下考题：

(1)Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark_____youhaveanyquestions.

A.atwhich B.atwhere C.theplacewhere D.where

(2)Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup_____therehadoncebeenatheatre.

A.that B.where C.which D.when

(3)Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings_____youcanfindthemagain.

A.when B.where C.then D.there

(4)Shefoundhercalculator______shelostit.

A.where B.when C.inwhich D.that

以上四题均选where，其意为“在…的地方”，用以引导地点状语从句。

七、目的状语从句

1.引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfear等。如：

IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing.我租了一条船去钓鱼。

Takeyourcoatincaseitrains(shouldrain).带着雨衣以防下雨。

Hestudiedhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam.他努力学习，是为了能通过考试。

2.引导目的状语从句的sothat有时可省so或that，即单独用so或that来引导目的状语从句。如：

Checkcarefully,soanymistakewillbecaught.仔细检查，以便任何错误都可检查出。

BringitcloserthatImightseeitbetter.拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。

八、结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有sothat,so…that,such…that等。如：

Hewassoangrythathecouldn'tspeak.他气得话都说不出来。

Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.他关窗子用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。

注：so…that和such…that中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略。