作家培根简介英文

Francis Bacon培根1561-1626Francis Bacon was the son of Nicolas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Seal of Elisabeth I. He entered Trinity College Cambridge at age 12. Bacon later described his tutors as "Men of sharp wits, shut up in their cells of a few authors, chiefly Aristotle, their Dictator." This is likely the beginning of Bacon‘s rejection of Aristotelianism and Scholasticism and the new Renaissance Humanism.His father died when he was 18, and being the youngest son this left him virtually penniless. He turned to the law and at 23 he was already in the House of Commons. His rich relatives did little to advance his career and Elisabeth apparently distrusted him. It was not until James I became King that Bacon‘s career advanced. He rose to become Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans and Lord Chancellor of England. His fall came about in the course of a struggle between King and Parliament. He was accused of having taken a bribe while a judge, tried and found guilty. He thus lost his personal honour, his fortune and his place at court.Loren Eiseley in his beautifully written book about Bacon The Man Who Saw Through Time remarks that Bacon: "...more fully than any man of his time, entertained the idea of the universe as a problem to be solved, examined, meditated upon, rather than as an eternally fixed stage, upon which man walked."This is the title page from Bacon‘s Instauratio Magna which contains his Novum Organum which is a new method to replace that of Aristotle. The image is of a ship passing through the pillars of Hercules, which symbolized for the ancients the limits of man‘s possible explorations. The image represents the analogy between the great voyages of discovery and the explorations leading to the advancement of learning. In The Advancement of Learning Bacon makes this analogy explicit. Speaking to James I, to whom the book is dedicated, he writes: "For why should a few received authors stand up like Hercules columns, beyond which there should be no sailing or discovering, since we have so bright and benign a star as your Majesty to conduct and prosper us." The image also forcefully suggests that using Bacon‘s new method, the boundaries of ancient learning will be passed. The Latin phrase at the bottom from the Book of Daniel means: "Many will pass through and knowledge will be increased."Bacon saw himself as the inventor of a method which would kindle a light in nature - "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe." This method involved the collection of data, their judicious interpretation, the carrying out of experiments, thus to learn the secrets of nature by organized observation of its regularities. Bacon‘s proposals had a powerful influence on the development of science in seventeenth century Europe. Thomas Hobbes served as Bacon‘s last amunensis or secretary. Many members of the British Royal Society saw Bacon as advocating the kind of enquiry conducted by that society.Bacon Time Line1561 January 22, born in London to Sir Nicolas Bacon, the lord keeper of seal, and the sister-in-law of Lord Burghley.1573 April, enters Trinity college, Cambridge where he studies all the sciences then taught.1576 Enters Gray‘s Inn with his brother Anthony. Travels with the Ambassador to Paris, Sir Amyas Paulet.1579 Resides at Gray‘s Inn. Father‘s death leaves him penniless so he begins a career in law.1582 Made outer barister at Gray‘s Inn.1584 Takes a seat in parliament for Dorsetshire.1591 Confidential advisor to the earl of Essex.1593 Takes a seat in parliament for Middlesex.1597 Publishes his Essays along with Colours of Good and Evil and the Meditationes Sacrae.1601 February 8, Essex leads a plot to kidnap the queen in order to force her to dismiss his enemies from her court. The leaders were arrested and Bacon was instrument al in securing for the queen a guilty verdict at Essex‘ trial.1603 Queen Elizabeth dies, succeeded by James I in whose service Bacon flourishes.1607 Receives office of solicitor.1608 Named treasurer of Gray‘s Inn.1613 Bacon becomes attorney general.1617 March 7, made lord keeper of the seal, the same office his father had held.1618 January 7, made lord chancellor, and received the title of Baron Verulam.1620 Publishes Novum Organum.1621 Created Viscount St. Albans. Charged with bribery and found guilty upon his own admission. Fined forty thousand pounds, sentenced to the Tower of London, prohibi ted from holding office for the state, and prohibited from sitting on parliament. The sentence was reduced and no fine was paid and only four days were spent in the Tower but he never again held office or sat for parliament.1622 Presents to Prince Charles the History of Henry VII. Publishes Historia Ventorum and Historia Vitae et Mortis.1623 Publishes De Augmentis Scientiarum.1624 Publishes Apothegms.1626 March, while driving near Highgate, decides to experiment with the effect of cold on the decay of meat, purchases a fowl and stuffs it with snow. Catches cold and develops bronchitis, dying on April 9.

Introduction of Lord Francis BaconLord Francis Bacon,(1561-1626) the father of experimental philosophy, whose father had been Lord Keeper, and himself was a great many years Lord Chancellor under King James I. Nevertheless, amidst the intrigues of a Court, and the affairs of his exalted employment (Because of bribery and extortion he was sentenced by the House of Lords to pay a fine of about four hundred thousand French livres, to lose his peerage and his dignity of Chancellor.), which alone were enough to engross his whole time, he yet found so much leisure for study as to make himself a great philosopher, a good historian, and an elegant writer; and a still more surprising circumstance is that he lived in an age in which the art of writing justly and elegantly was little known, much less true philosophy. Lord Bacon, as is the fate of man, was more esteemed after his death than inlifetime. His enemies were in the British Court, and his admirers were foreigners.[中文〕培根被认为是现代科学时代的始祖。他是第一个意识到科学技木能够改造世界面貌的哲学家，热情支持实验科学研究。l561年，培棍生于伦敦。他是英国伊丽莎白女王时代一 高级职员的长子。12岁入剑桥大学三一学院，但不久离开 那里，没有获得大学毕业证书。16岁开始工作，随英国驻注大使去巴黎在使馆工作过一段时间。18岁时父亲去世，没留下什么钱，培根被迫去上学学习法律。21岁开始从事律师业。23岁时被选为英国下议院议员。伊丽莎白女王向议会 提出增加税收计划，培根表示反对通过这个提案，女王因而讨厌培根，培根成了伊西克斯的朋友和参谋。伊西克斯是个贪婪的贵族分子，同情培根，他决定发动反对伊丽莎白女王的政变。培根劝告他应该忠于女王，但伊西克斯不听，政变以失败而告终。因为培根在伊西克斯受审及被判死刑一案中起了某种作用，致使各阶层人民对培根有些不满情绪。1603年，伊丽莎白女王去世，培根当上继任国王詹姆斯一世的顾问，虽然詹姆斯—世没有受培根劝言的约束，但却很喜欢他。因此在詹姆斯一世执政期间，培根平步青云，节节高升，1617年担任掌玺大臣，1618年就任大法官，1620 年受封为子爵。不期灾难降临了。培根被指控受贿，其实受贿在当时已是司空见惯，绝非新鲜，但培根在议会里的劲敌抓住这个机会，将他赶出了官场。培根对受贿供认不讳，被判在伦敦塔坐牢，交付大批罚金，终生禁止做官。但国王释放了他，免除了他的罚金，培根只不过丧失了政治生命。培根这样评论议会决定：“我是英国50年来最公正的法官，而议会对我的判决是200年来议会所作出的最公正的判决。”培根的若干著作为他赢得了声誉。他的第一部著作《论说文集》发表于1597年。这部著作用辛辣评论风格写成，但却闪闪发光，引入入胜，在世界流传极广。即本精品文摘。培根的最伟大的哲学著作之一名叫《伟大的复兴》。该著作包括6个部分，已完成的部分有：序言、《新工具》（对一种 新的逻辑方法的描述）、《自然史和实验史概论》组体现了作者某些观点及不同风格的科学和哲学沉思录．培根从1605年起开始写作，但没有完成的《科学推进论》 被认为是自亚里士多德时代以来最伟大的著作。