商务英语类的文章

Translation of research areas in the West in recent years can be said to hold a dominant position there are two main factions : One generalized to the linguistic basis of commitment to the translation of scientific nature of the building and development experience; The other, from a historical perspective by describing the approach to the study of translation. Although both are widely divergent, but there is a conspicuous common point, that is strong empirical. a pure research and control. This paper seeks approval of three representative works of the inspection to a Limited. Translation Studies look at the two main factions in Western certain characteristics, but also some understanding of the West pure research. Keywords : translation, new developments were made Recent Developments in Translation Studies as Seen from Three Representative Books Published in the 1990’s Dan SHEN Abstract: In the field of translation studies, despite the existence of multiple approaches, two trends of development seem to have been dominating in recent years: one based on linguistics in the wide sense; the other marked by a historical-descriptive orientation. While the two trends of development are contrastive with each other, they share one thing in common, namely, both being essentially empirical, forming a contrast to translation studies with a somewhat ‘purely’ theoretical orientation. The present paper offers a discussion of some recent developments in the field by way of reviewing three representative books published in the 1990’s. Through the present review, we may get a glimpse not only of the characteristics of the two major trends of development, but also of certain features of the theoretical versus the empirical orientation. Key words: translation studies, developments, representative books Since the early 1980s of the 20th century, the rapid progress in translation studies. If Western Translation Studies in the 1960s and 1970s was largely attributed to the rapid development of the rapid development of Linguistics, In the past two decades, cultural studies, literature, anthropology, information science, cognitive science, Generalized psychology and linguistics and so on the subject of translation played a larger role in the development (see Gentzle r 1993, elastin & Shreve 1992). Although the translation of a scene vary, but in recent years can be said to hold a dominant position there are two main factions : One generalized to the Linguistics (especially text linguistics and textual analysis), based committed to the translation of scientific nature of the building and development experience; The other, from a historical perspective by describing the approach to the study of translation. The intention is to reveal the translation contained in the study and practice of cultural and political factors (see Venuti, 1997). This paper published in the 1990s through the 20th century translation of the three Western representative study tour look at the development of some new features in translation studies. These three books were Description HATIM (Basil Hatim), "written by cross-cultural communication : Text Translation Theory and Comparative Linguistics, "(1997); Harold Kittel (Harald Kittel) and Amin Frank (Armin Frank ), editor-in-chief of "cross-cultural translation of the History and Literature" (1991); DING Da Gorlee (Dinda Gorlee) "written translation and Semiotics" (1994). On the three books, HATIM book can be regarded as the first major study groups mentioned above, the typical book Frank Kittel and is the second-largest faction in the party, however, were made. While this is entirely different from the two major parties, but there is a conspicuous common point, that is strong empirical. In contrast with Gorlee "Semiotics and the Translation," a book is pure research representatives. Three books by this investigation, we can not only a Limited. Translation Studies today to see the two major factions of the West, some features pure research but also some understanding of the West. 1 A two decades, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation and Text Linguistics has made considerable progress, But these three studies combined with the theory is still rare. HATIM the "cross-cultural communication," a book of the laudable efforts made in this respect (see Shen 1999). HATIM discourse in the book dealing with a theoretical model. It contains context, the three most organizations discourse structure and discourse. Discussion in context, HATIM adopt the language field theory (the theory of register). But learning to use language and semiotics (mainly intended for research) is also included in the Register analysis,HATIM that "Conventionality Communication" (T Institutional Communicative ransaction) "Pragmatic" (Pragmatic Action) and the "symbolic interactionism" (I Semiotic nteraction) Context components for the three types of discourse, Discourse discourse structure and play a decisive role. He cited the model as a framework, between the English and Arabic translation of the analysis of text types, Text discourse structure and organization of the system. Discourse on the type, HATIM explanation and demonstration of cultural distinction between the two categories. On the structure of the text, paragraphs divided mainly HATIM, embedded in the main text of the role of the sub-text of the topic. As for the text, HATIM discussed that the main text, Inc., the convergence between the sentence means Direct and Indirect Speech other factors. Copies of the author's discourse on the mode of treatment after full discussion, and broaden the scope, In view of the relationship between text types and politeness strategy. how to deal with two different cultures from the non-fiction text, and how to translate the texts of the issues constituents Irony discussion.Overall, the book has the following characteristics : (1) a large number of Linguistics and Translation Studies based on the theory of a similar theory, a theoretical model for the book center layer to promote discussion, it is systemic. (2) In contrast with the traditional theory of linguistic translation, the book stressed the role of situational context. For example, Chapter 11 of the discourse in the language of emotional expression means, and focus on power relationships and ideological implications. (3) the book is to explore the level of discourse over this type of sentence, discourse and discourse, and the interaction between the three levels of concern (see Nord 1991). (4) The book focusing on the translation of the overall strategy. For example, to examine the direct / indirect quotation, HATIM write news reports that the Arabs are accustomed indirect quotation. English press reports on the direct quotations translated into Arabic, the translator should adopt an indirect or "semi-direct" in the form of this function can achieve in such rhetoric. Because of these characteristics, the book reveals a better mechanism for the combination of text and some of the important process of communication, Translation Studies to provide a lot of new insights. As Neubert and Schleif said, the text will be translated to other models based on linguistics, "the level of discourse and communication. rather than sentences and vocabulary level. " So for Translation Studies provided "more powerful than the sentence linguistic analysis tools"Worth mentioning is that the book is not only committed to comparative linguistics and applied linguistics text translation, Translation Studies and tested by using these two languages, and rich schools. At this point, it is different from the model as a tool for translation only to study linguistics. The book proved "conducting comparative analysis, if not impossible to achieve on the basis of complete words. Similarly, Discourse Analysis based on the comparative lack of integrity will be hard to reach. Language translation is the most applicable comparison with the research framework. " 2 Since the 1980s the 20th century by the tide of cultural studies, translation study of the history and culture have received increasing attention. Worth mentioning is that the model based on the translation and linguistics to study in contrast, Descriptive methods using historical research in general is concerned only with the translation of literary texts. Frank Kittel and the book "History of Literary Translation and Cross-cultural studies" is the new trend of Translation Studies representative. Epic roots are German, the author of this collection of literary translation Research Center scholar. The book consists of three parts. The first part contains three papers focused on the German in the 18th century, French works indirectly through the intermediary will be translated into English and German translation. The first paper, based on the French language and cultural impact : the size of France and Germany translator for the different attitudes will indirectly translate English novel translated into four categories, causing them to explore in depth the reasons for the differences between, this reveals the complexity of cultural translation of the 18th century in Germany. The second paper argues that examples : Although the literary translation in French intermediary had disappeared around 1770. But in the nature and scope of non-fiction texts, which indirectly translation has continued to the 18th century. The two are not synchronous to the cause of the various historical and cultural reasons for the analysis and study. Title III of papers devoted to a French translation of the German intermediary Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. This paper analyzes the different translation of Franklin's autobiography, which contains the different characteristics and significance excavation and the resulting characteristics of these different ideologies, aesthetic and cultural aspects of the dynamics. Discussion on the second part of the U.S.-German translation and the cultural differences in dealing with the different translation. Four integral part of the thesis. First concentrate on T. S. Eliot's "Waste Land" of the French and German translations in different times. The building is composed of a number of parameters in the model. The cultural ramifications for the original description (cultural references), and asked for the translator These cultural factors at the moment. Mainly in the following six parameters : 1. cultural ramifications of clarity (from the most delicate cultural connotations beyond doubt that the cultural stereotypes); 2. scope (or belonging to a special, a certain class or belong to a particular country or culture with universal); 3. character (religion, literature, art, sports, lifestyle, etc.); 4. Historical Dimension (located in the specific historical and cultural ramifications period) 5. Text types; 6. or nature of integration (to what extent cultural ramifications for financial integration with the works). This parameter analysis of six different translator and cultural ramifications of the "wilderness" of the different translation provide a practical framework. However, the article pointed out that other literature or other works : / language / cultural translation studies, according to the actual situation may need to add a new parameter or derogate from the established parameters. In addition, the parameters of a scene Context is very important in another context might become insignificant scenes. Similarly, the gap between cultures. Cultural resources in the most unimaginative in the cultural ramifications may be translated into Chinese culture has become a prominent issue. German papers concentrate on the second part of the translator to translate Jack London's "Call of the Wilderness", Translation for the different material and cultural terms. The view that this analysis can be achieved three "special" (distinctive) purpose. First, in terms of the same text can be found : the interrelationship between different; Second, Translator for the original works can be revealed, the depth and translation art. However, I think that these two purposes for a total of Literary Translation Institute and the Institute of Translation is not unique cultural expressions. Only third objective will truly have their peculiarities has revealed that the same version of the translator for the original familiar with the different social and natural background levels. The translator attaches great importance to study because they are not familiar with the original text from the cultural background of various phenomena. Title III thesis research focused political culture, explore the impact of German translator in the political system under review, Owen to the "Rip Van Winkle" for the change. This paper shows that cross-cultural research in this area is low, because "to the original and asked, We can be more accurate than just original research review system to evaluate the consequences "(1991 Hulpke : 74). Title IV of German translator to translate papers of Mark Twain's "Tennessee journalism", For American humorous manner. In view of Germany and the United States for the apparent difference in the views of humor, Translator conscious of the various changes to the original text, and not to increase the number of original compositions readers have a similar view in Germany humorous effects. Worth mentioning is that the part of the papers have a common ground, that is focusing on the description of the structure or model of the universal laws of the excavation. The author shows only describe as a specific text mode or universal significance of the case. Three papers from the third component. Translation of the first papers to explore drama, the characters and the name and title of the translation of social history and cultural meaning. In this paper describes the history, of the three centuries since the French-Polish and Polish-German / English translation of a theater system. Names on the figures, mainly in the following five Translation : 1. Copy not been translated; 2. According to the translation into the spelling and pronunciation rules to cultural assimilation version 3. translated into the corresponding language used to replace its current name; 4. Originally meant only translation (semantic translation); 5. Originally only used in the transmission of certain artistic methods (some figures to reflect the characteristics). As the title characters, mainly the following way : 1. Ellipsis 2. Add 3. 4 copy. Change; 5. Semantic Translation 6. alternative. If the text below, the name and title of people's cultural identity is an important marker, Translation often lead to two in the historical context, both social and cultural conflict between the statutes. Translator facing these conflicts have taken various measures to deal with them. After two papers on the part of both the theoretical discussion of the issue translatability. It can be said that they are a very large extent that it deviates from the book describing the history of the track. Overall, the book display describing the history of Translation Studies, the main features and functions. It reveals a translator in the context of specific scenes by various translation and tapping all the relevant social, historical and cultural reasons. In addition, based on the analysis of actual, summed up with certain universality and procedures guiding the translation, translation, Translation of research principles and parameters. Worth mentioning is that the book is only a hypothetical answer certain questions, many of its conclusions are also somewhat speculative. This reflects a historical description of the method are difficult to overcome limitations : Today's researchers to explore the past to translate the translation of a historical period, will unavoidably lack of a firm "facts" or first-hand information on the obstacles, it is known only in the light of the judgment made all kinds of conjecture, but these judgments are always some insights and inspiration.