英语从句基本类型

从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类.前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,所以通称名词性从句；后两类定语从句和状语从句功用相当于形容词,称为形容词性从句.状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句. 1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句.引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等. 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句.引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样. 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. [ 第一部分 一.、定义： 宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语. 二、学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态. 连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人） 1．从句为陈述句,常选择连接词that或将that省略,直接与主句相连. 2．从句为一般疑问句,常选择连接词if或whether.在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换. 3．从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词. ★当who为主语时,句式为：who+谓语+其他 判断时态情况： 1.主句是一般现在时,从句为各种时态情况 2.主句是一般过去时,从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实,用一般现在时 3.主句是一般将来时,一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”） 例题： 〈1. The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿B＿＿ round. A. was B. is C. were D. are 答案为B,属于第二种情况. 宾语从句,在复合句中作宾语,位于及物动词后； Tell him which class you are in ． (1)主、从句时态一致： 主句谓语过去时,从句相应过去时； He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时,从句时态任所需； He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. 具体过去永不变,真理格言现在时； He told me that he was born in 1980. （2）否定前移,及完成反意问句； 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时,应转移到主句上去,完成反意疑问句时,应与从句主、谓保持一致.（注: 否定前移的条件是,主句主语是第一人称） I don't think you are right ,are you ? （3）在表示建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句,用（should）+v．（虚拟语气） eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard． （4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语,用it作形式宾语,把宾语从句后置 eg．You may think it strange that he would live there． （5）宾语从句that常可省略,但在以下情况下不能省略 A．当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,可以省略第一个that,其他不能省略. eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet?鄄ter． B．当it作形式宾语时 eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him． C．当宾语从句前置时 eg．That our team will win,I believe． 三、分类 A 、作动词的宾语: eg．I heard the news I 主语 heard 谓语动词 the news.名词作宾语 I主语 heard 谓语动词 that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句 B 、作介词的宾语: eg．He said nothing about this plan . He主语 said 谓语动词 nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语 四、带有宾语从句的复合句的构成: 带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起.连接词有：that(可省略),what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how. 五、注意： A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序. False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面. Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句. Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher. D False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner. 4.同位语从句（Appositive Clause）： 与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句.其关联词多为that. 5.定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句.定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后,这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）.引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）.关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语. ①引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which. 例句： The dog that/which was lost has been found. （失踪的狗已经找到了.） ③as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头. 例句： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了.） ④介词+which/whom/whose从句 The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的.） ⑤代/名+介词+which 从句 He is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书,但是我不知道书名.） ⑥同位语从句和定语从句 The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心.） ⑦ 难句: NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员.） 第二部分 一、时态 1·主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时态. 2·主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态. 3·主句用过去时,从句是真理时,只用一般现在时. 二、宾语从句的几类连接词： ①从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句： I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. ②连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句： Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? ③连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 例句： He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. 三、动词的宾语从句 大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. ★部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 例句： I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. ★动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有：make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 例句： Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 四、可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 ①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. 例句： I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. ②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. 例句： I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. ③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 例句： We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. 五、介词的宾语从句 用wh-类的介词宾语从句 例句： We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. ★用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 例句： I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知. 六、形容词的宾语从句 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised 例句： I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. 七、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 ①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if ②少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. ③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. ④在不定式前只能用whether. 如： I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下. ⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if. 八、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时; 2.当宾语从句较长时; 3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时; 4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时; 5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略; 6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时; 7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时; 8.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; 9.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时; 10.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时; 11.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时. 九、宾语从句的否定转移 主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. 例句： I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. ★如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. 例句： We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是? 十、宾语从句的时态和语序 当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响. 当主句为过去时的时,细分为一下几种情况： ①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 例句： I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家. ②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 例句： He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary. ③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 例句： The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. ★如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化 例句： The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转. ★当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首 例句： Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. 同位语从句用法比较"固定",把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）： 一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句.它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容.如： I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里. 二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words（消息）,possibility等.如： I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了. 三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连接副词 how,when,where等.（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句.）如： l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来. 四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开. 如： The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了. 五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别. 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况.如： The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的. （同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容.） The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的. （定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息.） 2、引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成份,而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等.如： The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇.（that在从句中不充当任何成份.） 一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语.同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起. 1) 非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前 Bruce Lee (姓名) 李小龙 Graf Schmidt (称号,浑名) 施密特伯爵 Doktor Wang (职称,头衔) 王博士 Uncel Liu (亲戚的称呼) 刘叔叔 die Stadt Shanghai (类属名称) 上海市 the Province Hebei (类属名称) 河北省 das Jahr 2000 (类属名称) 2000 年 three Kilo tomato (度量名称) 三公斤西红柿 the University Bremen (专有名词) 不来梅大学

一、定语从句

在复合句中， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

1.由who引导的定语从句中，who用作主语， 如：This is the boy who often helps me.

2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.

3.由whose引导的定语从句中，whose用作定语 ，如 ：Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?

4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：

5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：

The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.

6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:

I don't know the reason why he was late.

This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.

I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.

注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)

7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。

(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句，不影响主句意思的完整，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ：I have two brothers, who are both students.

二、状语从句

由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的'语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。

1、时间状语从句

表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when, every time等引导。

When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.

He started as soon as he received the news.

Once you see him, you will never forget him.

No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.

2、原因状语从句

原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。

He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.

As it is raining, I will not go out.

Now that you mention it, I do remember.

3、地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。

Sit wherever you like.

Make a mark where you have a question.

4、目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。

Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.

She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.

He left early in case he should miss the train.

5、结果状语从句

结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so that, such that等引导。

She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.

He was so excited that he could not say a word.

She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.

6、条件状语从句

条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。

If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.

You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.

So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.

You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you dont go too far away from the river bank.

If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.

7、让步状语从句

让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。

Though he is a child, he knows a lot.

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind.

8、方式状语从句

方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。

You must do the exercise as I show you.

He acted as if nothing had happened.

9、比较状语从句

比较状语从句常用than, so (as) as, the more the more等引导。

I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.

He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.

The busier he is, the happier he feels.

三、名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）；whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）；as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）。

以上在从句中均不充当任何成分

连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever

连接副词：when, where, how, why

具体分类

1．主语从句

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。

Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

2．宾语从句

名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

（1） 由连接词that引导的宾语从句

由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：

I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。

3．表语从句

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：

The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。

That's just what I want. 这正是我想要的。

4． 同位语从句

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。

从句的类型有：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句。 在现代英语的语法中，从句指复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which等引导词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。