火药的用途英语

Dynamite火药Dynamite refers to a kind of mixture which has saltpeter, charcoal and sulfur as its main components and can burn quickly or explode when lighted.火药指一种以硝石、木炭和硫磺为主要原材料的混合物，它能够快速燃烧并在点燃后爆炸。Both saltpeter and sulfur are combustible and had served as medicine in ancient China, so they are called dynamite, which means “flaming medicine” in Chinese.硝石和硫磺都是易燃物，它们在中国古代都被作为药材。In Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, written in the Qin and Han dynasties, the authors illustrated the medical characteristics of saltpeter and sulfur, and recorded the experimental results of smelting saltpeter.因此它们被称为火药，在中文中是“燃烧的药”的意思。Qing Xuzi of the Tang Dynasty recorded the method of dealing with dynamite powder in the course of alchemy, which marked the real birth of the primitive dynamite powder.《神农本草经》中曾写道：秦汉时期，作者就曾举例说明硝石和硫磺的药物疗效并记录了冶炼硝石的实验结果。唐朝的卿旭子记录了炼金术中火药粉末的使用方法，这标志着真正的原始火药粉的诞生。However, it was not until the 10th century or so that dynamite powder began to be used as a weapon.然后，知道10世纪左右，火药才被当做一种武器。A few works have recorded the formulas for making artillery, fireballs and poisonous smoke balls, and the setting up of dynamite powder production workshops.一些书籍中记载了制造火炮、火球、毒气球以及火药粉生产车间的步骤。After that dynamite powder making skills were steadily developed.从那时起，火药粉末的制造技艺就处于稳步发展中。In 1126, the army of the Song Dynasty attacked its enemy, the army of the Jin Dynasty, with “the thunder-bolt artillery”，while the Jin Army fought with “the thunder artillery”.1126年，宋朝军队用“霹雳炮兵”攻击了它的敌人，金朝军队的“雷霆炮兵”。In 1359, the army of the Yuan Dynasty used “the fire canister” on the battlefield.1359年，元朝军队在战场上运用了火药桶。Until the Ming Dynasty, the formula for dynamite powder recorded in Ji Xiao Xin Shu by Qi Jiguang had been similar to the standard military black powder of today.到明朝时，戚继光《纪效新书》中记录的火药的配方与今天标准的军事黑火药相似。The alchemy and saltpeter of ancient China began to spread into the area of Arabia from the 8th or 9th century,while the production skills of dynamite powder and powder weapons spread gradually first into Arabia and then into Europe from the 13th century on.中国古代的炼金术和硝石在公元8到9世纪传入了阿拉伯地区，而火药粉的制造工艺以及火药武器先慢慢传入了阿拉伯，之后在13世纪才传入了欧洲。

火药和炸药的区别：

1、性质不同

火药：火药是可由火花、火焰等引起剧烈燃烧的药剂。

炸药：炸药（Explosive material）是能在极短时间内剧烈燃烧（即爆炸）的物质，是在一定的外界能量的作用下，由自身能量发生爆炸的物质。

2、作用不同

火药：在军事上主要用作枪弹、炮弹的发射药和火箭、导弹的推进剂及其他驱动装置的能源，是弹药的重要组成部分。

炸药：炸药在军事上可用作炮弹、航空炸弹、导弹、地雷、鱼雷、手榴弹等弹药的爆炸装药，也可用于核弹的引爆装置和军事爆破。在工业上广泛应用于采矿、筑路、兴修水利、工程爆破、金属加工等，还广泛应用于地震探查等科学技术领域。

3、成分不同

火药：火药由硫磺、硝石、木炭混合而成。早在新石器时代人们在烧制陶器时就认识了木炭，把它当做燃料。

炸药：含爆炸物、某种引爆装置，通常还有某种外壳。被雷管的热量或冲击能量触发后，爆炸物就会进行快速化学反应，即燃烧或分解。

参考资料来源：百度百科——火药

参考资料来源：百度百科——炸药

gunpowder 火药

Gunpowder, also called black powder, is an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate, KNO3 (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter) that burns rapidly, producing volumes of hot solids and gases which can be used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks. The term gunpowder is also often used more broadly to describe any propellant powder used in firearms. Modern firearms do not use the traditional gunpowder (black powder) described in this article, but instead use smokeless powder. In this article, the terms gunpowder and black powder are used interchangeably.Gunpowder is classified as a low explosive because of its slow decomposition rate and consequently low brisance. Low explosives produce a subsonic deflagration wave rather than the supersonic detonation wave produced by brisants, or high explosives. The gases produced by burning gunpowder generate enough pressure to propel a bullet, but not enough to destroy the barrel of a firearm. This makes gunpowder less suitable for shattering rock or fortifications, where high explosives such as TNT are preferred.The term "black powder" was coined in the late 19th century to distinguish prior gunpowder formulations from the new smokeless powders and semi-smokeless powders. (Semi-smokeless powders featured bulk volume properties that approximated black powder in terms of chamber pressure when used in firearms, but had significantly reduced amounts of smoke and combustion products; they ranged in color from brownish tan to yellow to white. Most of the bulk semi-smokeless powders ceased to be manufactured in the 1920s.)[1][2][3]Black powder is a granular mixture ofa nitrate—typically potassium nitrate (KNO3)—which supplies oxygen for the reaction; charcoal, which provides fuel for the reaction in the form of carbon (C); sulfur (S), which, while also a fuel, lowers the temperature of ignition and increases the speed of combustion. Potassium nitrate is the most important ingredient in terms of both bulk and function because the combustion process releases oxygen from the potassium nitrate, promoting the rapid burning of the other ingredients.[4] To reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition by static electricity, the granules of modern black powder are typically coated with graphite, which prevents the build-up of electrostatic charge.The current standard composition for black powder manufactured by pyrotechnicians was adopted as long ago as 1780. It is 75% potassium nitrate, 15% softwood charcoal, and 10% sulfur.[5] These ratios have varied over the centuries and by country, and can be altered somewhat depending on the purpose of the powder. For instance, coarser grades of black powder, unsuitable for use in firearms but adequate for blasting rock in quarrying operations, is called blasting powder rather than gun powder; it is often made with the cheaper sodium nitrate substituted for potassium nitrate in proportions of 60% nitrate, 20% charcoal and 20% sulfur.[citation needed]The burn rate of black powder can be changed by corning. Corning first compresses the fine black powder meal into blocks with a fixed density (1.7 g/cm³). The blocks are then broken up into granules. These granules are then sorted by size to give the various grades of black powder. In the United States, standard grades of black powder run from the coarse Fg grade used in large bore rifles and small cannons, through FFg (medium and smallbore arms such as muskets and fusils), FFFg (smallbore rifles and pistols), and FFFFg (extreme small bore, short pistols and most commonly for priming flintlocks). In the United Kingdom, the gunpowder grains are categorised by mesh size: the BSS sieve mesh size, being the smallest mesh size on which no grains were retained. Recognised grain sizes are Gunpowder 'G 7', 'G 20', 'G 40', and 'G 90'.

火药是炸药的一种。中国古代的火药（黑色炸药）其实也是炸药的一种，火药很简单，就是由硝酸钾、木炭和硫磺机械混合而成。宋代，黑色炸药已被用于战争，它需要明火点燃，爆炸效力也不大。1831年，英国人比克福德发明了安全导火索，为炸药的应用创造了方便。威力较大的黄色炸药源于瑞典，由瑞典化学家、工程师和实业家诺贝尔发明。诺贝尔最初发明的达纳炸药通过化学反应的方法制得的硝化甘油，并与硅土混合使生产、使用和搬运更加安全。两者肯定都能爆炸。炸药的化学反应时释放出的能量大，时间短，威力自然就大。中国清代之前的王朝在军事上运用的是火药（黑色炸药），近代军事上用的炸药就很复杂了，种类很多。火药与炸药在制作方法、性能等诸多方面都有不同，一句两句也说不清楚

gunpowder;powder

gunpowder; powder gunpowder生词本 英 [ˈgʌnpaʊdə(r)] 美 [ˈɡʌnˌpaʊdɚ] n. 火药；有烟火药，黑色火药；中国珠茶 网 络 火药； 黑色火药，有烟火药 powder生词本 中频词，你记住了吗？英 ['paʊdə(r)] 美 [ˈpaʊdɚ] n. 粉，粉末；粉状物质 vt. 在…搽粉 vi. 涂粉，变成粉末 网 络 粉； 粉末； 粉体； 火药 复数：powders

Gunpowder, also known since the late 19th century as black powder, was the first chemical explosive and the only one known until the mid-1800s. It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter)—with the sulfur and charcoal acting as fuels, while the saltpetre works as an oxidizer.Because of its burning properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as apyrotechnic composition in fireworks.

一、原理不同

火药是中国四大发明之一。是在适当的外界能量作用下，自身能进行迅速而有规律的燃烧，同时生成大量高温燃气的物质。在军事上主要用作枪弹、炮弹的发射药和火箭、导弹的推进剂及其他驱动装置的能源，是弹药的重要组成部分。

炸药能在极短时间内剧烈燃烧即爆炸，是在一定的外界能量的作用下，由自身能量发生爆炸的物质。一般情况下，炸药的化学及物理性质稳定，但不论环境是否密封，药量多少，甚至在外界零供氧的情况下，只要有较强的能量（起爆药提供）激发，炸药就会对外界进行稳定的爆轰式作功。

二、分类不同

最常用的是按火药按结构分为均质火药和异质火药，因为结构不同，带来工艺性质、燃烧性质和物理力学性能等均有显著差别。均质火药又分为：单基药、双基药、多基药、改性双基药。双基药再分为柯达型双基药、巴列斯太型双基药。异质火药又分为黑火药、复合火药等。

按照炸药的用途分类，可以将炸药分为起爆药、猛炸药和发射药几大类。按照炸药组成的化学成份分类，可以将炸药分为单一化学成分的单质炸药和多种化学成分组成的混合炸药两大类。爆破工程中大量使用的是猛炸药，尤其混合猛炸药，起爆器材中使用的是起爆药和高威力的单质猛炸药。

三、用途不同

火药，又被称为黑火药，由硝酸钾、木炭和硫磺机械混合而成。是在适当的外界能量作用下，自身能进行迅速而有规律的燃烧，同时生成大量高温燃气的物质。在军事上主要用作枪弹、炮弹的发射药和火箭、导弹的推进剂及其他驱动装置的能源，是弹药的重要组成部分。

炸药因其具有成本低廉、节省人力，并能加快工程建设的优点，和在特殊环境下作功的特性，因而已愈来愈广泛应用于国民经济各部门。在矿山开采方面，利用炸药进行大规模爆破，来开采金属矿和露天煤矿；利用聚能射流效应装填炸药的石油射孔弹，可用于石油开采。

扩展资料：

炸药爆炸原理：

炸药的爆炸通过一定的外界激发冲量的作用，爆轰是炸药中化学反应区的传播速度大于炸药中声速时的爆炸现象，是炸药典型的能量释放形式。爆炸实际上分两个阶段。大部分破坏是最初的膨胀造成的。

炸药还会在爆炸源周围制造一个压力很低的区域，气体快速向外移动，从而将大部分气体从爆炸 “中心”向外吸。向外冲击之后，气体涌回到部分真空的中心地带，形成第二个破坏力较小的内向能量波。

由于炸药爆炸时化学反应速度非常快，在瞬间形成高温高压气体。以极高的功率（每千克炸药爆轰瞬间输出功率可达5×10千瓦）对外界作功，使周围介质受到强烈的冲击、压缩而变形或碎裂。

炸药由于能对周围介质作猛烈的破坏功，往往又被称为猛炸药。常用的猛炸药按组成可分为单体炸药和混合炸药2类。还有一类感度很高的炸药，从燃烧转变为爆轰的时间极短，通常不直接用于作破坏功，而是用于引燃或引爆其他火炸药，称为起爆药。

参考资料来源：百度百科-火药

参考资料来源：百度百科-炸药