！首席12333
美国高等教育简介高等教育的类型 美国的高教体系由四类大学组成： 第一类为研究院大学 以基础性, 学术性研究著称, 设有庞大的研究生院,可授予博士学位,这类大学在美国共有450所以上, 其中最著名的有哈佛, 普林斯顿, 斯坦福,麻省理工,加州理工,霍普金斯,加州伯克利,康乃尔等20多所. 在这些大学的周围, 形成一个个集教学, 科研. 开发和新兴工业为一体的高新技术产业中心, 如美国东部的波士顿-剑桥-128公路中心, 西部的"硅谷"中心,南部的航天中心等, 密切了教学与生产的联系. 教学与生产互相渗透, 互相融通, 形成合力,使创新思维-科研成果-新产业新产品三者的转换链迅速畅通,高效转化为高经济效益, 成为新的经济增长点,进而推动整个社会产业经济结构的更新换代。 第二类为本科大学 以4年制为主的综合大学及学院 ,如文理学院, 理工学院, 工商管理学院, 林业, 矿业, 农业, 新闻, 建筑,家政等学院, 多为州立大学, 培养目标为中级科技, 学术及专业人才, 修满4年授予学士学位. 这类大学有1600多所。 第三类为社区学院 包括2年制的普及学院和技术专科学院, 招收高中毕业生中成绩较低和同等学历的学生,毕业时授予协士( 副学士)学位。社区学院的任务除为社会各行业对口培养专业熟练劳动技工与职员外(在美国当工人求职也要专业文凭),还为那些想继续升入本科大学的学生架起一道桥梁,可考入本科大学三年级续读. 第四类为开放大学 包括广播函授大学, 暑期大学,夜间或业余大学, 实验大学, 自由大学等,使大学向社会各阶层,各年龄层次敞开大门,经标准考试及格者均可获得学位。高等教育的教学 现今美国大学本科生已从重视专才教育转为重视通才教育, 大学一, 二年级必修基础课程, 三, 四年级也以修专业基础课程为主,真正的专业课常为选修,把专才教育定位为攻读硕士以上的任务. 据美国教育部统计,目前大学设置的专业有24种, 按授予学士学位的多少排序是: 商业和管理,教育, 社会科学, 工程, 医卫,生物科学, 心理学,艺术,人文科学,公共事务和服务, 跨学科研究, 通讯, 理科, 农业和自然资源,家政, 数学, 计算机信息科学,外语,建筑和环境, 神学,区域问题研究,法律,图书馆学, 军事科学.2年制的专业多属职业分类,分工程学科和非工程学科两大类. 教育方法实行必修与选修相结合的较为自由的因材施教方法,以调动学生的积极性和兴趣特长. 开设大量的选修课以及时反映最新科技成果. 一般实行学分制,每种课一学期(15周)每周上一小时定为1学分, 要求学生每学期修满15-16个学分. 取得协士学位要60-64个学分; 学士学位要120-128个学分. 对于非全日制学生,可以延长年限,以休满学分为主, 这就为半工半读创造了条件. 美国高校一年分两个学期或三个学期, 少数分4个学期, 其学分计算办法不同. 硕士研究生必须休满30个学分, 交一篇硕士论文, 通过笔试和答辩. 博士要经由3位以上教授组成的指导小组指导制订学习计划, 选定博士论文, 攻读指导小组建议的必修课程, 完成有创见性的博士论文, 才能通过。高等教育的科研 大学是美国科研的主要基地, 承担了全国60%以上的基础研究任务。美国在半个世纪里诺贝尔奖获得者超过120人, 其中90%集中在大学里. 大学的科研机构主要有以下形式: (1)研究中心或研究所, 实验室. 分大学自办, 与企业及其它大学合办, 政府投资官办,主要进行尖端理论研究与实验, 国防研究, 和跨学科重大前瞻性项目研究. (2)工业或农业实验站. 这是工科和农科大学的主要应用研究机构, 全国有60多个大型农科实验站, 其中58个设于大学, 主要由各级政府提供课题研究经费, 其中附设许多农技推广站, 负责推广. 大学常与工业企业签订承包科研任务, 或联合攻关, 以取得企业资助.
不是我的白云
1. :1-6 in primary school grades (6-12) 2. Junior middle schools: 7-8 grade (13-14 years) 3. :9-12-year secondary school (aged 15-18) 4. University (College): General for a four-year (18 years old and above), and "Institute" or "College", a university graduate students engaged in research and set up. American universities currently in place-degree, associate degree, master's and doctorate system, representing the two major categories of undergraduate and postgraduate education four different academic standards. In addition the American University also awarded honorary degrees, which does not reflect the academic degree, but for society to recognize the outstanding contributors. Two-year colleges, also known as junior or technical college, most of the public, mostly organized by the local communities, it is commonly referred to as community colleges. A four-year colleges, there are roughly two categories: one category or the College of Arts, Academy of Sciences, the other is independent of the Academy. These two types of college education system is generally four years. College of Arts and cultural Academy of Sciences awarded to graduates of the most common is the degree Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science, the Academy awarded the professional degree. Comprehensive university, access to these College study, often requires a four-year university degrees, the system is usually three to four years, the high cost of a long time. Comprehensive university awarding bachelor, master's and doctoral degrees 3.
注册不太麻烦
First,AmericanEducation tells students that study is just to study forthemselves for the purpose of making them study without stress from theirparents and society and letting them to think,to learn about they want,whichmakes American students learn flexibly and actively.With regard to ChinaEducation,it always makes some complex regulations for students to tell themlearn what should be learned,how to learn and even when they should learn.As aresult,students in China regard study as one kind of task,and get used todealing with the homework passively.Second,as for theaspect about the purpose of education,America Education attachs a littleimportance to the study on basic knowledge but thinks highly of the cultivationof creativity, while in China,education pays more attention to the basicknowledge and ignores the cultivation of students’creativity and thinkingability.Therefore,in America students who get low grades tend to have highability while in China students who get high grades don’t have enough abilityto adapt to the development of society.Third,concerning the condition in class between China and America,we candraw a conclusion that the class in China pays attention to discpline while theclass in America pays attention to humans right.On the one hand,China Educationis good at giving a conclusion to students and chinses teachers will try theirbest to help students with solving all the problems put forward fromstudents.But in America’class,teachers are used to giving students somespiration to make them think more and more problems by themselves.On the otherhand,in chinese class,if students disagree with teachers’opinions,they will becritized by teachers,but in America’class students will be praised if they putforward new views which are differnt from their teachers’.Fourth,I think it is the most important aspect which can basically pointout the root difference between China Edcation and America Edcation.It is aboutthe difference in the examination.USA examination often offers an openenvironment to students to finish their exam so long as they hand in theiranswer paper within the limiting time.But in China,when faced with anexam,chinese students always feel nervous as if there are beasts in front ofthem.And in China the purpose of examination is just to test out students’abilitywhile American test aims to find the problem,its existing gaps in order tofacilitate development.Fifth,about the difference on establishments of curricula andspecialty,American education aims at adapting for society demand,theyexplicitly stipulate three big functions:ducation’service for the establishmentof specialty curriculum is to meet the social need and set up specialcurriculum or specialty which the society needs.In China’s universities,duringquite long period of time ,the establishment of specialty curriculum lacks thechange and could not follow social demand.In the latest few years,the majorityof Chinese universities all started to pay attentio to the transformation andrenewal of specialty curriculum so as tomeet the need of society.Last,in general,the chinese children arenot allowed to take part in the real social activities but in America thestudents can take part in every activity they want;that is to say,Americanstudents can choose activities to participate in by themseleves.It is said thatthe children in America start to take part in the real activity once they leaveto school.For example,an 8-year-old boy can help other with washing clothes bywhich they can receive at least 8 dollars.Also,those children can play somemusical instruments for the rich to earn some money which they usually use tohold some activities.All in all,in America ,children have all kinds of chancesto contact with social environment.From the point of their view,they thinkeducation is equal to the life.But on the contrary,what chinese students onlydo is to bury themselves into study,which results in their shortage of outdoorability even creativity to adapt the development of society in future.Through these kinds of comparison,maybe wecan make sense of the reasons why America becomes so strong.A power of acountry not only lies in its economy but also its education.That is to say,education is an important mean to creat more and more excellent people to makethem devote their power to strengthen the country.By comparing,we have to admitthat there have been many imperfections in our system of education.Our countryneeds improvement and the development and our economy needs talent people,so wecan draw a conclusion through comparison that it is high time for our countryto improve our system of education and in the way of going ahead,imitation andinnovation is in need.Only when our country modestly learn from other countriesto take in their advantages in education can our country becomes really strong.-
小月半月月
如下：
Higher Education in America.
There is evidence that even incomplete university study gives a person better career prospects than none at all. So, it is accepted that the benefits of a university career are useful.
All this effort in America’s higher education is very expensive. Some of the costs come from fees and benefactions, particularly towards research, but most have to be paid from public funds.
Parents favor big expenditures on higher education; a wider public opinionfavors them for idealistic and cultural reasons, and because of the supposed value of education as an investment by society.
The first universities were developed by private charitable organizations. The private universities are still very important, and most of the best-known institutions, like Harvard, Yale and Princeton, are private.
Most of the principal state universities have between 10, 000 and 30, 000 students, and some have increased rapidly in the past few years.
Private universities and colleges are generally smaller, and although they are more numerous than public institutions they have a smaller total number of students than those in public institutions.
The private colleges vary very much in standards and reputation, from the world-famous and select to the cranky and the obscure①. The best known of all is Harvard.
There are also many junior colleges to which students may be admitted at the end of their high school career, providing only the first two years of university work.
For the most part Americans think that there’s some advantage in attending one of the better-known private institutions, in spite of the higher cost, rather than a state university.
However, testate universities are becoming increasingly important, and some of them, particularly in the Midwest have a reputation practically equal to that of the private ones.
Almost every state by now has several university institutions directly under the authority of the state government.
译文如下：
美国的高等教育。
有证据表明，即使是不完整的大学学习也能给人带来更好的职业前景。所以，人们公认大学生涯的好处是有用的。
美国高等教育的所有这些努力都非常昂贵。部分费用来自收费和捐赠，特别是研究费用，但大部分必须由公共基金支付。
父母倾向于在高等教育上投入大量资金；更广泛的公众舆论出于理想主义和文化的原因，也因为教育作为一种社会投资的假定价值而支持他们。
第一批大学是由私人慈善组织发展起来的。私立大学仍然非常重要，大多数最著名的机构，如哈佛、耶鲁和普林斯顿，都是私立的。
大多数主要的州立大学有10，000到30，000名学生，有些在过去几年里迅速增加。
私立大学和学院一般都比较小，虽然比公立机构多，但学生总数比公立机构少。
私立大学的标准和声誉千差万别，从世界著名的精选大学到古怪的默默无闻的大学。最著名的是哈佛。
还有许多专科学校，学生在高中生涯结束时可能会被录取，只提供大学工作的前两年。
大多数美国人认为，尽管费用较高，但上一所更知名的私立大学比上州立大学更有优势。
然而，州立大学正变得越来越重要，其中一些大学，尤其是中西部的大学，几乎与私立大学齐名。
到目前为止，几乎每个州都有几所大学机构直接隶属于州政府。
