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1. 为什么要提出倒装句? 英语倒装句在英语文章中随处可见,比如疑问句中,这类倒装句在学习语法时有讲解。但是,另一类倒装句,即文学作品中使用的倒装句,或者基于强调的目的使用的倒装句,这属于修辞学的范畴,一般语法书上鲜有提及,如果学习者把这种倒装用在考试中,估计直接给你判错!但是,我们学习英语的目的是为了阅读,交际,应用;如果不学习修辞学的倒装句,常常会给我们阅读海量的英语文章和书籍带来困扰,因此,有必要学习了解。 2. 倒装句基础知识和分类。 2.1 什么是倒装句? 倒装句就是为了强调,突出等目的,而颠倒按文法规则或习惯用法的正常语序。例如—— (1) Not only is he difficult to understand, but he is also funny. (2) Never have I understood less about women. (3) Scarcely have they been on time. 2.2 倒装句格式。 倒装句主要有以下四种格式: (1) 将形容词置于其所修饰的名词之后( noun+adjective )(针对形容词置于名词之前的情况,严格讲形容词本可以放在名词之后) 。例如—— the soldier strong . (健壮的士兵。) (2) 谓语动词置于主语之前( verb+subject )。 例如—— shouts the policeman. (警察呼叫。) (3) 名词置于前置词之前( noun+preposition )。 例如—— worlds between. (之间的世界。) (4) 宾语置于主语和谓语之前 ( object+subject+verb )。 在英语中,有的倒装是文法结构的一部分,这种倒装的应用也相当普遍。例如,在疑问句中,动词( verbs ),或者辅助动词( auxiliaries ),或者帮助动词( helping verbs )置于主语之前。类似地,还有感叹句中的倒装,宾语置于主语和谓误之前,以wh-词置于句首引导。 例如—— What a beautiful picture it is! Where in the world were you! How wonderful the weather is today! 2.3 规范文法中使用倒装句的情况。 2.3.1 当我们使用一个否定副词或者副词短语在句子的开头以强调我们所表达内容的时候,要使用倒装句。 2.3.1.1 Never, Rarely, Seldom在句中使用倒装。 Never, rarely, 和 seldom 使用倒装来表达一种给定的情况的独特性。常常使用完成时并包括比较级。 例如—— (1) Never have I been more insulted! 我从来没有像现在这样被侮辱过! (2) Seldom has he seen anything stranger. 他从来没有遇见过比这更奇怪的东西。 (3) Rarely has someone been so wrong as you. 很少有人错得像你一样离谱。 2.3.1.2 Hardly, barely, no sooner, 和scarcely在句中使用倒装。 Hardly, barely, no sooner, 和 scarcely 在句中使用倒装,基于过去的事件有后续延展的情况。其强调的要点是一件事情完成之后另一件是如何紧接着发生。 例如—— (1) Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang. 我刚起床门铃就响了。 (2) No sooner had he finished dinner, when she walked in the door. 他刚只完饭,她就走进门来。 (3) Barely had I walked in the door when my dog came rushing to greet me. 我刚一进门,我的狗就冲过来迎接我。 2.3.1.3 only之后的表达式在句中使用倒装,例如 “only when”,“only as soon as”,“only then”,“not only…but”,“only in the way”,等。 “only” 用在各种各样的时间表达式中 , 例如 ,“only when”,“only as soon as”,“only then”,“not only…but”,“Only later”, 等 。 其强调的要点是要清楚地理解某种状况时某件事情是多么的重要 。例如—— (1) Only then did I understand the problem. 真到那时我才明白这个问题。 (2) Only after understanding the situation does the teacher make a comment. 只有在了解情况后,老师才发表评论。 (3) Only when all the stars have gone out will I grasp the complexity of the universe. 只有当所有的星星都消失了,我才理解了宇宙的复杂性。 (4) Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes. 他不仅喜欢巧克力和糖果,而且他还抽烟。 (5) Only later did she really think about the situation. 只是到了后来他才真正考虑了这种情况。 (6) Only in this way could John earn enough money to survive. 只有用这种方法约翰才能挣到足够的钱来生活。 2.3.1.4 在little之后的使用倒装。 “ little ”在否定句中使用倒装,目的在于强调某件事没有被完全理解 。倒如—— (1) Little did he understand the situation. 他几乎不了解当时的情况。 (2) Little have I read concerning nanotechnology. 我几乎没有读过有关纳米技术的书。 (3) Little was I aware that she was in town. 我一点儿也不知道她在城里。 2.3.1.5 so和such之后的使用倒装。 “so”用于形容词,而“such”用于名词。 I. “so” 的倒装结构 :"so + adjective ... that" 再与“to be”动词连接。例如—— (1) So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep. 情况如此奇怪,使用我夜不能寐。 (2) So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare. 这个考试太难了,学生需要三个月备考。 (3) So expensive was the ticket that we couldn't attend the show. 票价太贵,我们没能去看演出。 II.“such” 的倒装结构: “such + to be + noun ... (that): ”。例如—— (1) Such is the moment that all greats traverse. 所有伟人都经历过这样的时刻。 (2) Such is the stuff of dreams. 这就是梦想。 (3) Such are the days of our lives. 我们的日子就是这样。 2.3.1.6 在下面的情况下,倒装句出现在句子的第二部分。 (1) not until (直到……才) Not until I saw John with my own eyes did I really believe he was safe. 直到我亲眼见到了John,我才真正相信他是安全的。 (2) not since (自那以后……没有了) Not since Lucy left college had she had such a wonderful time. 自从Lucy大学毕业后,她就再也没有过这样愉快的时光。 (3) only after (只有在...以后) Only after I'd seen her flat did I understand why she wanted to live there. 直到看过她的公寓,我才明白她为什么想住在那里。 (4) only when (只有当…才能) Only when we'd all arrived home did I feel calm. 直到我们都回到家,我才感到平静。 (5) only by (只有当…才能) Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat. 只有极其努力地工作,我们才能吃得上饭。 2.3.1.7 其它否定副词或副词短语。 (1) in no way (决不,一点也不) In no way do I agree with what you're saying. 我决不同意你所说的。 (2) on no account (决不) On no account should you do anything without asking me first. 没有事先问过我,你不要轻举妄动。 2.3.2 疑问句中用倒装。 疑问句中使用的倒装属于主谓倒装,属于分类中的第二种,用法最为常见。 I. 只有两个动词时态,有连系动词“to be”的情况。 现在时态:am I / are you / is he 过去时态:were you / was she II. 其它动词时态,我们需要改变主语和辅助动词的位置(如果有超过一个辅助动词,改变第一个辅助动词的位置),无需改变其它动词的位置。 当前进行时: am I going / are you going 过去进行时: was he going / were they going 当前完成时: have we gone / has she gone 当前完成进行时: has she been going / have they been going 过去完成时: had you gone 过去完成进行时: had he been going 将来时态: will they go 将来进行时: will you be going 将来完成时: will they have gone 将来完成进行时: will she have been going 情态动词: should I go / would you go III. 有两种时态,我们需要加入“do/does/did”来完成倒装句。 无“to be”动词的当前时态:do you go / does he go 无“to be”动词的过去时态:did you go / did he go 2.3.3 条件格式的倒装。 有时候,条件格式使用倒装,以使其听起来更正式。在这种情况下,条件句被省略,if从句用倒装格式替代,常见有 if 被 were , had , should 等替代的场合。 (1) Had he understood the problem, he wouldn't have committed those mistakes. 如果他明白这些问题,他就不会犯这些错误。 (2) Should he decide to come, please telephone. 如果他决定来,请打电话。 (3) Had I known, I would have helped him. 假如我知道,我就会帮助他了。 2.4 修辞学中使用倒装句的情况。 陈了符合文法格式或习惯用法的倒装之外,在文学作品中,为了达到某种特殊的艺术效果,有的作者还使用了一些不常用的倒装句。 文学术语中还有一个对倒装的更为模糊的定义。倒装句还可以指 规则韵律 (regular meter)书写,并插入一个不属于这种模式的 韵律 (metrical foot)。例如,如果一个诗人用 长短格( iambic )五音步格 (pentameter)写作,并且在其中一行中使用 长短格 (trochee)而不是 抑扬格 (iamb) 五音步格 ,那就被认为是倒装句。Shakespeare的最著名诗行<>中有这样一个例子:“To be or not to be ; that is the quest ion.”这句诗行中有五个音步,有4个是长短格(iambs)。Shakespeare使用在“ that ”上强调而不是在“is”上强调的方式中断了长短格。这种类型倒装也称为 置换 (substitution)或 倒置法 (anaclasis)。 与所有的文学手段一样,倒装句在散文或诗歌中的主要作用是帮助作者达到文体效果,如强调某一点,或从某一点改变读者的焦点。在诗歌中,倒装句经常被用来创造韵律,韵律,或是线条的押韵,比小说中使用倒装更为普遍,因为非自然性的倒置很好地创造了一种诗意的轻快。下面举例说明—— (1) <
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解析过程:She is such an honest girl that everybody trusts her.She is so honest a girl that everybody trusts her.So honest a girl is she that everybody trusts her.Such an honest girl is she that everybody trusts her.同学你好很高兴为你解答疑惑。不知上面的解答你是否满意?如有疑问请留言!祝学习进步,新年快乐!如果还有其他疑问,可以去“状元365”提问。规律方法:1. such a(n) +adj+n=so +adj+a(n) +n例如:such a beautiful girl=so beautiful a girl2.so.+adj/adv..that中的so或such...that中的such位于句首时句子用部分倒装, 例:He is so busy that he can't attend it. =So busy is he that he can't attend it.Such a nice pen does he has that he likes it very much.