必修一英语知识点

英语教学的最终目的就是要培养学生与外界交流信息、表达思想的能力。语法是一个非常重要的工具，它可以帮助人们理解和运用语言。接下来我为你整理了英语必修一语法知识点，一起来看看吧。

在英语学习中涉及到倍数问题时, 常见以下三种倍数表达的基本句型:

(1) This street is four times the 1ength of that one.

这条街是那条街的四馆长。(这条街比那条街长三倍。)

(2) This box is three times as heavy as that one.

这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。 (这个箱子比那个箱子重两倍。)

(3)The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.

会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。(会议室是我们办公桌的四倍大。)

句型(1)和句型(2)人们并不难以理解; 同学们也很容易接受,因为它们很符合汉语的翻译习惯。但是, 句型(3)笔者却认为汉语译文是错误的。

句型(3)的译法在我国英语界的一些书刊杂志上说法都不一致,似乎没有定论。有的译为 "是...的三倍大";有的译为"比...大三倍"。甚至一些语法书、工具书和词典都相互矛盾,举几例如下:

A pen is three times more expensive than a pencil.

"钢笔比铅笔贵三倍"详见陈胥华的《英汉对译指导》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。

Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 2.5 times greater. "化肥产量增长了

1.5倍(以上)" 详见张道真《实用英语语法》P.102, 1979年8月修订2版。

Our county's agricultural output is 11 per cent higher than that of last year.

"我县农业总产值比去年增长百分之十一。" 详见薄冰、赵德鑫合编的《英语语法手册》1978年6月修订2版(商务印书馆)。

其实,句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三种表达法都属同一种译法,没有任何区别。在使用句型(3)时, 产生翻译错误的原因不外乎人们认为句中含有 "more than", 而根据汉语习惯去翻译, 但在英语国家里绝不会出现这种混淆现象。

费致德先生在《现代英语惯用法词典》(1981年7月1版,商务印书馆)中也强调句型(1)、(2)、(3)所表达的是相同的数量概念.。详见该词典第795页:

1. A比B差不多大三倍的表达方式有下列三种, 其中C项有些语法学家认为不对, 但现已广泛使用。

a. A is about three times as large/big as B.

b. A is about three times the size of B.

c. A is about three times larger than B.

费致德先生肯定了这三种句型是同一种意思。但遗憾的是他将 "A是B的三倍"也误写为 "比...大三倍"; 如果据此对照去译,便与句型 (1) 和 (2) 相矛盾。

为了进一步证明这一问题, 笔者又写信给上海外国语学院, 向《新编英语语法》主编章振邦教授请教了这一问题，章教授在回信中说：

按照英语国家的表达习惯，five times as... as/five times more /five times greater than所表达的是相同的数量概念,就拿你讨论的句子为例:

This street is four times the length of that one.

= This street is four times as long as that one.

= This street is four times longer than that one.

= This street is four-fold longer than that one.

= This street is 300%longer than that one.

(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。)

这就是说, 表达倍数若用...times或fold则不论何种句型中都表示包括基数100%在内, 所以"four times longer than/as long as/the length of" 都只表示"长三倍"; 但若在"more/greater than"结构中用百分比则表示净增数(见上例中最后一句)。所以: "A is three times bigger than B" 译成汉语时应该是"A是B的三倍大" 或者 "A比B大两倍"。

1. 拼法需要当心的序数词

在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加 -th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化：

twentieth， thirtieth， fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth..

2. 序号的表示

1) 基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如：

page 4(P.4)读作page four Room301读作room three O [ou] one

Tel No.864412读作telephone number eight six double four one two

2) 序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词.如：

the Eighth Lesson(=Lesson Eight) the First Middle School(=Middle School No. 1)

3. 数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数

表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词(常用作定语)里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：

They baby is only six moths old. This is a six-moth-old baby.

I have five pounds. I have a five-pound note.

4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名词复数

hundred, thousand和million后加 –s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。

He has bought hundreds of books this year.

Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.

5. dozen和score

用法与hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：

1) 在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：

two dozen books two score (of)books

2) 若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。

three dozen of those (the, my, those) books three dozen of them

6. 表示不定数量的常用单词和词组

这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表

用于可数名词用于不可数名词用于可数名词和不可数名词

a bit of

(a) few(a) littleall

fewerlessplenty of

(the) fewest(the) leasta lot of; lots of

a (great) number ofa great deal (amount) ofenough

manymuchmore; most

several some; any

hundreds of

dozens of

1) (a) few 和(a) little

a few和a little与some的意思较接近，表示“有几个;有一点”。few和little则表示“几乎没有(= almost none)”的意思。试比较：

She doesn’t seem very friendly; she has few friends。 (not many friends)

Although she has been here only a short time, she has made a few friends. (some friends)

I can’t make a pie because there is little sugar. (not much sugar)

There is a little sugar for your coffee. (some sugar)

2) 用fewer还是用less

从理论上讲few的比较级形式fewer用于复数名数前;little的比较级形式less用于不可

数名词前，但是在现代英语中，尤其是在非正式场合下，也常用less代替fewer;例如：

If on1y there were fewer/less holes in the roof?

3) many + a + 名词单数

many a后接可数名词单数形式，表示“好些;许多”，多用于书面语或演讲中。

Many a young man has had such a chance. (动词用has)

many a time则看作是固定词组，表示“多次”。

That’s happened to me many a time.

1. 主格和宾格

1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语;宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：

It was he who told a lie.

It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)

This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介词宾语)

2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：

He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).

2. 两种所有格

人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：

① 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等;

② 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：

1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：

I have done my homework.(不能说 * I have done homework.)

We clean our classroom every day.(不能说 * We clean classroom every day.)

2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：

That dictionary is not mine.(不能说 * That dictionary is not my.)

Mine is here.(不能说 * My is here.)

注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如

What's her name? I am your friend.

名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：

Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)

You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作宾语)

但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如：

That's the cat's basket. It's its own.

3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置

当短语动词由“动词+副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：

He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary.

He looked it up in the dictionary.

但如果是由“动词+介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：